Činjenje nacije u carstvima: pojava Turske i Austrije

This article examines nation-building in relation to education and educational institutions, taking two former big players in European politics in the wake of the First World War as examples: the Ottoman Empire and the Habsburg Empire. The Habsburg Empire is examined by focusing particularly on textbooks around and after 1918, comparing them with each other and understanding them as major tools for spreading national ideas within state school. As will be shown, the idea of an Austrian nation can hardly be found, neither before nor immediately after the break of 1918, in the sense of the ideology of a nation-state. On the other hand, the Ottoman Empire is being examined as an example for doing nation in a process of transformation of social structures within non-western societies through western-style schools, thus contributing to nationally substantiating the Republic of Turkey. This article examines the imperial foundations of these two nation-states and how they and the preceding empires dealt with the modern concept of nation and nationalism.U ovom članku ispituje se izgrađivanje nacije u vezi s obrazovanjem i obrazovnim institucijama, na primjeru dva bivša velika aktera u europskoj politici nakon Prvog svjetskog rata: Otomanskog Carstvu i Habsburškog Carstva. Habsburško Carstvo promatra se prvenstveno kroz poseban fokus na udžbenike u 1918. godini i periodu nakon nje, uspoređujući ih međusobno i razumijevajući ih kao glavne alate širenja nacionalnih ideja unutar državnih škola. Kako će biti pokazano, ideja austrijske nacije u smislu ideologije nacionalne države teško se može naći, kako prije, tako i neposredno nakon sloma 1918. godine. S druge strane, Otomansko Carstvo ispituje se kao primjer činjenja nacije u procesu transformacije društvenih struktura unutar ne-zapadnih društava, kroz škole zapadnjačkoga stila te stoga doprinosi nacionalnom ostvarenju Republike Turske. U ovom članku istražuju se imperijalne osnove ove dvije nacionalne države i način na koji su se one i prijašnja carstva bavili modernim konceptom nacije i nacionalizma

Unacylated Ghrelin Rapidly Modulates Lipogenic and Insulin Signaling Pathway Gene Expression in Metabolically Active Tissues of GHSR Deleted Mice

Background: There is increasing evidence that unacylated ghrelin (UAG) improves insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis; however, the mechanism for this activity is not fully understood since a UAG receptor has not been discovered. Methodology/Principal Findings: To assess potential mechanisms of UAG action in vivo, we examined rapid effects of UAG on genome-wide expression patterns in fat, muscle and liver of growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR)-ablated mice using microarrays. Expression data were analyzed using Ingenuity Pathways Analysis and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis. Regulation of subsets of these genes was verified by quantitative PCR in an independent experiment. UAG acutely regulated clusters of genes involved in glucose and lipid metabolism in all three tissues, consistent with enhancement of insulin sensitivity. Conclusions/Significance: Fat, muscle and liver are central to the control of lipid and glucose homeostasis. UAG rapidly modulates the expression of metabolically important genes in these tissues in GHSR-deleted mice indicating a direct, GHSRindependent, action of UAG to improve insulin sensitivity and metabolic profile

Die USIA-Betriebe und der Streik 1950 in Wien und Niederösterreich

Im Sommer 1946 wurde auf Befehl des sowjetischen Hochkommissars für Österreich eine der größten Wirtschaftsholding der österreichischen Geschichte gegründet: der USIA-Konzern. In ihm wurden alle Unternehmen zusammengefasst, die gemäß den Potsdamer Beschlüssen der vier Alliierten als Deutsches Eigentum bezeichnet wurden. Im sowjetisch besetzten Ostösterreich (Wien, Niederösterreich, Burgenland und Mühlviertel) entstand so ein Unternehmenskomplex, der mehrere hundert Betriebe umfasste und bis zu 60.000 Arbeiter und Angestellte beschäftigte. Nicht wenige dieser Beschäftigten waren Mitglieder der KPÖ, und ganz allgemein war die kommunistische Partei in der USIA stark verankert. Bei Betriebsratswahlen gelangen in den ehemaligen sowjetisch verwalteten Betrieben bis in die 1980er Jahre gute Ergebnisse. Gegen Ende der 1940er Jahre hatte sich die wirtschaftliche Lage immer noch nicht merklich verbessert, die Regierung hielt die Löhne mittels Lohn-Preis-Abkommen auf einem niedrigen Niveau, um die Gesamtwirtschaft zu stabilisieren, die KPÖ war mittlerweile aus der Regierung ausgeschieden und betrieb scharfe Oppositionspolitik und die Arbeiterschaft war unzufrieden mit der materiellen Gesamtsituation. In dieser Konstellation wurde recht überraschend im September 1950 das vierte Lohn-Preis-Abkommen verkündet, das geheim ausverhandelt worden war und den unteren Einkommensschichten erhebliche Verteuerungen auferlegte. Die Folge waren Arbeitsniederlegungen und Demonstrationen in den Industriezentren Ostösterreichs, beispielsweise in Linz, Wien und dem Industrieviertel. Der Österreichische Gewerkschaftsbund verbot seinen Mitgliedern zu streiken. Anhand von Zeitungsberichten, Polizeiakten und Dokumenten aus sowjetischen Archiv wird hier nachgezeichnet, was im September und Oktober 1950 in den USIA-Betrieben passierte.In June-July 1946, the Soviet high commissioner in Austria, General Kurasov, declared, according to the Potsdam Agreement and Moscow Declarations, all german property in the Soviet-occupied zone of Austria property of the Soviet Union including industrial plants located mostly in Vienna and Lower Austria. The Austrian Government tried to nationalise some industrial plants concerned by publishing a nationalisation law on July 26th 1946. The Soviet high commissioner of course prevented the law from coming into operation. From 1946 to 1955 around 400 companies in eastern Austria were run by Soviet leaders and organised in the so-called USIA. When in September 1950 it came to strikes and demonstrations against the fourth wage-and-price-agreement, some people, especially important Austrian politicians, were in fear of a communist coup. However, recent studies could show that Soviet communist forces never intended a communist revolution in Austria like in Hungary or Cecho-Slovakia, or a separation like in Germany after WW II. In fact, a lot of the workers participating in demonstrations and strikes were socialists or supporters of the VdU-party which was founded in 1949 and mostly elected by ex-members of the NSDAP. The purpose of this thesis is to show what happened in communist-run companies in summer/fall 1950 after the fourth wage-and-price agreement. It is based on the few sources that remained after the Allied forces left Austria in 1955

Doing Nation in Empires: The Emergence of Turkey and Austria

This article examines nation-building in relation to education and educational institutions, taking two former big players in European politics in the wake of the First World War as examples: the Ottoman Empire and the Habsburg Empire. The Habsburg Empire is examined by focusing particularly on textbooks around and after 1918, comparing them with each other and understanding them as major tools for spreading national ideas within state school. As will be shown, the idea of an Austrian nation can hardly be found, neither before nor immediately after the break of 1918, in the sense of the ideology of a nation-state. On the other hand, the Ottoman Empire is being examined as an example for doing nation in a process of transformation of social structures within non-western societies through western-style schools, thus contributing to nationally substantiating the Republic of Turkey. This article examines the imperial foundations of these two nation-states and how they and the preceding empires dealt with the modern concept of nation and nationalism.U ovom članku ispituje se izgrađivanje nacije u vezi s obrazovanjem i obrazovnim institucijama, na primjeru dva bivša velika aktera u europskoj politici nakon Prvog svjetskog rata: Otomanskog Carstvu i Habsburškog Carstva. Habsburško Carstvo promatra se prvenstveno kroz poseban fokus na udžbenike u 1918. godini i periodu nakon nje, uspoređujući ih međusobno i razumijevajući ih kao glavne alate širenja nacionalnih ideja unutar državnih škola. Kako će biti pokazano, ideja austrijske nacije u smislu ideologije nacionalne države teško se može naći, kako prije, tako i neposredno nakon sloma 1918. godine. S druge strane, Otomansko Carstvo ispituje se kao primjer činjenja nacije u procesu transformacije društvenih struktura unutar ne-zapadnih društava, kroz škole zapadnjačkoga stila te stoga doprinosi nacionalnom ostvarenju Republike Turske. U ovom članku istražuju se imperijalne osnove ove dvije nacionalne države i način na koji su se one i prijašnja carstva bavili modernim konceptom nacije i nacionalizma