Evidences of an implemented training program in consensual and responsible sexual relations for people with intellectual disabilities

[ES] Aunque cada vez hay más conciencia de los derechos de las personas con discapacidades intelectuales, se ha avanzado muy poco en el apoyo a estas personas para crear y mantener relaciones íntimas y personales. Métodos: Este artículo presenta los resultados de un programa destinado a promover las relaciones sexuales responsables y consentidas de los adultos con intelectual. De los 44 participantes, el 31,8% eran mujeres y el 68,2% hombres con edades comprendidas entre los 22 y los 67 años. Se realizaron mediciones previas y posteriores sobre las actitudes hacia las relaciones sexuales, y se calcularon los índices de dificultad y discriminación. Resultados: Se identificaron mejoras estadísticamente significativas significativas en las mediciones generales, así como en los ámbitos de la privacidad, la seguridad y el respeto. El índice de dificultad cambió de 0,67 a 0,79 en una evaluación pre-post, lo que denota actitudes más positivas. Este y otros resultados apoyan la relevancia y utilidad del programa de intervención y animan a realizar más esfuerzos de intervención.[EN]Background: While there is a growing awareness of the rights of individuals with intellectual disabilities, very limited progress has been made in supporting these people to create and maintain intimate and personal relationships. (2) Methods: This paper reports the results from a program aimed at promoting responsible and consensual sexual relations of adults with intellectual disabilities. Of the 44 participants, 31.8% were women and 68.2% were men aged 22 to 67 years. Pre and post measurements regarding the attitudes toward sexual relations were taken, and difficulty and discrimination indexes were calculated. (3) Results: Statistically significant improvements were identified in the overall measurements, as were they for the domains of privacy, safety, and respect. The difficulty index changed from 0.67 to 0.79 in a pre-post assessment, denoting more positive attitudes. This and other results support the relevance and usefulness of the intervention program and encourage further intervention efforts

Identificación del papel de los servicios de emprendimiento y empleo en el fomento de las soft skills de los estudiantes de la Universidad de Salamanca

Memoria ID2019/049. Ayudas de la Universidad de Salamanca para la innovación docente, curso 2019-2020

Parental Stress and Family Quality of Life: Surveying Family Members of Persons with Intellectual Disabilities

[EN] Background. This study assesses the quality of life in families with a member with an intellectual disability using the Family Adjustment and Adaptation Response framework. Methods. The study included 515 Spanish participants whose family members with disabilities range in age from infancy to adulthood. We hypothesized that it is possible to predict parenting stress by paying attention to the meaning families give to themselves and their circumstances while controlling for the impact of other variables such as family capabilities and characteristics of the family member with disabilities. We used the Beach Center Family Quality of Life Scale and the section on Exceptional needs of medical and behavioral support from the Supports Intensity Scale, together with other potential predictors. The subscale on parental stress from the Parenting Stress Index–Short Form was utilized as a criterion measure. Results. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis revealed that 49% of parental stress was predicted by dysfunctional interaction, difficult behaviors, low emotional wellbeing, poor family interaction, as well as kinship as parents, and the severity of both the medical needs and intellectual disability. Conclusions. The stress experienced by those families is mostly predicted by the meaning they give to themselves and their circumstances. Implications of these findings for service delivery are discussed

A valid and reliable measure of nothing: disentangling the “Gavagai effect” in survey data

[EN]Background. In three recent studies, Maul demonstrated that sets of nonsense items can acquire excellent psychometric properties. Our aim was to find out why responses to nonsense items acquire a well-defined structure and high internal consistency. Method. We designed two studies. In the first study, 610 participants responded to eight items where the central term (intelligence) was replaced by the term ``gavagai''. In the second study, 548 participants responded to seven items whose content was totally invented. We asked the participants if they gave any meaning to ``gavagai'', and conducted analyses aimed at uncovering the most suitable structure for modeling responses to meaningless items. Results. In the first study, 81.3% of the sample gave ``gavagai'' meaning, while 18.7% showed they had given it no interpretation. The factorial structures of the two groups were very different from each other. In the second study, the factorial model fitted almost perfectly. However, further analysis revealed that the structure of the data was not continuous but categorical with three unordered classes very similar to midpoint, disacquiescent, and random response styles. Discussion. Apparently good psychometric properties on meaningless scales may be due to (a) respondents actually giving an interpretation to the item and responding according to that interpretation, or (b) a false positive because the statistical fit of the factorial model is not sensitive to cases where the actual structure of the data does not come from a common factor. In conclusion, the problem is not in factor analysis, but in the ability of the researcher to elaborate substantive hypotheses about the structure of the data, to employ analytical procedures congruent with those hypotheses, and to understand that a good fit in factor analysis does not have a univocal interpretation and is not sufficient evidence of either validity nor good psychometric properties

Prevalence of sexual abuse in adults with intellectual disabiility: systematic review and meta-analysis

[EN] This study presents the results of a systematic review on the prevalence of sexual abuse experienced in adulthood by individuals with intellectual disability. An electronic and manual search of academic journals was performed on four databases via EBSCO Host: Academic Search Complete, PsycINFO, Medline, CINAHL Full-Text. In addition, PubMed, ProQuest, and Web of Science (core collection) were searched. After an initial selection of 1037 documents, 25 articles remained for quantitative synthesis. The combined prevalence of sexual abuse in adults with intellectual disability was 32.9% (95% CI: 22.7–43.0) and sensitivity analysis revealed that the prevalence was not outweighed by a single study. Overall, the United Kingdom had the highest prevalence (r = 34.1%), and the USA had the lowest (r = 15.2%). The overall prevalence in females was lower (r = 31.8%) than that in males (r = 39.9%). Subgroup analyses revealed that prevalence of sexual abuse was higher in institutionalized individuals. The most prevalent profile of abuser is of a peer with intellectual disability. Prevalence increases from mild to severe levels of intellectual disability and decreases in profound levels. It is also more prevalent when the informant is the individual with intellectual disability than when someone else reports abuse. In sum, one in three adults with intellectual disability suffers sexual abuse in adulthood. Special attention should be paid for early detection and intervention in high risk situations

Cyberbullying among adults with intellectual disabilities: Some preliminary data

[EN]Background. Recent studies show that youth with disabilities are at risk of experiencing cyberbullying. Nevertheless, the nature of this phenomenon among adults with intellectual disabilities has not been investigated. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to analyze the frequency and characteristics of cyberbullying and its correlates in individuals with intellectual disabilities attending training centers for adults with intellectual disabilities. Methods and Procedures. A convenience sample of 269 participants (54.3% men and 35.7% women), aged 18 to 40 years was recruited from Chile (14.1%), Mexico (32%), and Spain (53.9%). Results. The findings showed that 15.2% have been cyberbullied and 8.6% are currently being cyberbullied. Being different was the main reason (97.7%) for being cyberbullied. The behaviors happen in educational settings (46.67%), leisure/free time activities (31.11%), and associations for people with disabilities (15.56%). Verbal aggressions (74.53%) were the most common cyberbullying behaviors. Those who were cyberbullied reported more inadequate use of mobile phone and Internet, as well as more unhealthy behaviors and depressive mood. Conclusions and implications. These findings support the need for further studies on adults with intellectual disabilities, as well as the need for implementing primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention programs

E-Health Interventions for Adult and Aging Population With Intellectual Disability: A Review

[EN]To answer the question about which e-health and e-therapy applications are being used with people with intellectual disabilities, we searched the PsycINFO, Medline, PubMed, ERIC, CINAHL, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane databases. This is an extensive search. Inclusion criteria were academic journals and any design type that addressed the topic of interest. Studies that do not include adults or elderly, and studies that do not focus on people with disabilities but on third parties, were excluded. After an initial selection of 515 articles, 32 full-text articles were subjected to in-depth analysis leading to the final selection of 18 articles. We used the AAID framework definition of intellectual disability to analyze the dimensions explored by the selected studies and found that the majority of studies focused on the use of technology as supports to instrumental activities of daily life. The ISO classification of assistive products allowed us to identify that many e-health products are aimed at providing psychological or medical treatment. In summary, this review suggests that there is a very small number of studies focusing on the use of technology by older persons with intellectual disabilities. The studies present substantial limitations regarding generalization and replication and pay little attention to the maintenance of cognitive abilities in this population. These aspects, together with premature aging generally associated with many conditions that lead to intellectual disability, underscore the need to pay more attention to and develop e-health interventions for cognitive stimulation for this group

Aprendizaje activo y autoevaluación a través de la implementación de la plataforma Kahoot! para la mejora e innovación docente en psicología y educación basado en la aplicación Q12 Trivia

Memoria ID-186. Ayudas de la Universidad de Salamanca para la innovación docente, curso 2018-2019

Resilience and social support as protective factors against abuse of persons with dementia: a study on family caregivers

[EN]Objective Scientific literature has identified different vulnerability factors associated to abuse in people with dementia (PWD), but little is known about the psychosocial protective variables against abuse. The main objective of this study is to investigate a set of caregiver and patient factors linked to abuse-related behavior of PWD. Methods A total of 326 primary and family caregivers, residents of the Castilla and León community (Spain), were evaluated. All participants filled out a standardized protocol, which assessed the sociodemographic characteristics, patient and care-related variables, as well as the perceived burden, resilience, and social support. Abuse-related behavior was evaluated using the Caregiver Abuse Screen. Results Results show that the severity of cognitive impairment and behavior disorders of PWD, a greater number of caregiving hours, a worse previous relationship with the caregiver, and perceived burden are positively related with abuse. However, resilience and social support showed a negative relationship with Caregiver Abuse Screen scores, suggesting a protective effect on abuse, even after controlling the effect of a number of covariates. Indeed, resilience was the only variable that remained significant after including the effect of burden. Conclusions This paper states the role of burden in abuse of PWD, while resilience and social support are abuse protective factors. These variables should be considered in future guidelines for the prevention of abuse against PWD

Puesta en marcha de un grupo de apoyo entre profesores de psicología para la creación de materiales y estrategias de docencia síncrona y asíncrona

Memoria ID-034 Ayudas de la Universidad de Salamanca para la innovación docente, curso 2020-2021