Antitumor effectiveness of different amounts of electrical charge in Ehrlich and fibrosarcoma Sa-37 tumors

BACKGROUND: In vivo studies were conducted to quantify the effectiveness of low-level direct electric current for different amounts of electrical charge and the survival rate in fibrosarcoma Sa-37 and Ehrlich tumors, also the effect of direct electric in Ehrlich tumor was evaluate through the measurements of tumor volume and the peritumoral and tumoral findings. METHODS: BALB/c male mice, 7–8 week old and 20–22 g weight were used. Ehrlich and fibrosarcoma Sa-37 cell lines, growing in BALB/c mice. Solid and subcutaneous Ehrlich and fibrosarcoma Sa-37 tumors, located dorsolaterally in animals, were initiated by the inoculation of 5 × 10(6 )and 1 × 10(5 )viable tumor cells, respectively. For each type of tumor four groups (one control group and three treated groups) consisting of 10 mice randomly divided were formed. When the tumors reached approximately 0.5 cm(3), four platinum electrodes were inserted into their bases. The electric charge delivered to the tumors was varied in the range of 5.5 to 110 C/cm(3 )for a constant time of 45 minutes. An additional experiment was performed in BALB/c male mice bearing Ehrlich tumor to examine from a histolological point of view the effects of direct electric current. A control group and a treated group with 77 C/cm(3 )(27.0 C in 0.35 cm(3)) and 10 mA for 45 min were formed. In this experiment when the tumor volumes reached 0.35 cm(3), two anodes and two cathodes were inserted into the base perpendicular to the tumor long axis. RESULTS: Significant tumor growth delay and survival rate were achieved after electrotherapy and both were dependent on direct electric current intensity, being more marked in fibrosarcoma Sa-37 tumor. Complete regressions for fibrosarcoma Sa-37 and Ehrlich tumors were observed for electrical charges of 80 and 92 C/cm(3), respectively. Histopathological and peritumoral findings in Ehrlich tumor revealed in the treated group marked tumor necrosis, vascular congestion, peritumoral neutrophil infiltration, an acute inflammatory response, and a moderate peritumoral monocyte infiltration. The morphologic pattern of necrotic cell mass after direct electric current treatment is the coagulative necrosis. These findings were not observed in any of the untreated tumors. CONCLUSION: The data presented indicate that electrotherapy with low-level DEC is feasible and effective in the treatment of the Ehrlich and fibrosarcoma Sa-37 tumors. Our results demonstrate that the sensitivity of these tumors to direct electric current and survival rates of the mice depended on both the amount of electrical charge and the type of tumor. Also the complete regression of each type of tumor is obtained for a threshold amount of electrical charge

FRECUENCIA DEL USO DEL ANTICONCEPTIVO ORAL DE EMERGENCIA Y SUS REPERCUSIONES EN LA SALUD de las alumnas de la Universidad Alas Peruanas Puerto Maldonado- Marzo-Mayo, 2012

 Objetivo: Conocer como la frecuencia de uso del  anticonceptivo oral de emergencia (AOE), repercute en la salud de las alumnas de la Universidad Alas Peruanas-Puerto Maldonado, marzo-mayo del 2012. Material y métodos:Se trabajó con una población de 60 alumnas usuarias y el muestreo fue intencionado. Es una investigación de tipo Descriptivo, no experimental y  de corte transversal. Resultados:El 33.0% de la muestra tienen 19 años a más  seguidos de los que tienen 18 años (29.6%). Respecto a la religión el 100% son creyentes. Saben lo que es la AOE, el 42.85% de las usuarias obtuvo la información del internet y en menor % la obtuvieron de la pareja y propaganda televisiva. El 71.42% de las usuarias manifiesta que tienen conocimiento de los efectos Secundarios y conocen la dosificación. La frecuencia en el uso de AOE de los últimos 6 meses el 76.20% ha hecho uso de ella,  14 usuarias manifiestan haberla tomado de 1 a 3 veces. La frecuencia del uso de AOE en periodo de un año  el 90.47% manifiesta que si la uso, de estas usuarias el 84.21%  refiere que la uso de 1 a 3 veces.Dentro de las repercusiones en la salud el síntoma que se presentó con  más frecuencia fue el dolor de cabeza (32%) seguido de las náuseas (28%), hinchazón de mamas (12%), secreción blanquecina (12%), y menstruación adelanta un 4%, frente a un 12% que no presento ningún síntoma.Conclusiones:La mayoría de usuarias son adolescentes tardías (18,19 años). En su totalidad son creyentes, y  conocen la dosificación de la AOE. La frecuencia de uso es elevada y  Dentro de las repercusiones en la salud el síntoma que se presentó con  más frecuencia fue el dolor de cabeza, náuseas, hinchazón de mamas, secreción blanquecina, y menstruación adelantada.La frecuencia elevada de AOE ocasiona efectos colaterales no deseados, en las usuarias. Palabras clave: Anticoncepción oral de emergencia, repercusiones en la salud

Synaptogenesis in the Fetal Corpus Striatum, Globus Pallidus, and Substantia Nigra: Correlations With Striosomes of Graybiel and Dyskinesias in Premature Infants

Abstract Synaptogenesis can be detected in tissue sections by immunoreactivity for synaptophysin, a synaptic vesicle glycoprotein that serves as a marker of synaptic maturation. Reactivity was prospectively studied postmortem in sections of the striatum, globus pallidus, and substantia nigra in 172 normal human fetuses and neonates of 6 to 41 weeks' gestation. Caudate nucleus and putamen show patchy reactivity beginning at 13 weeks' gestation around some intracapsular neurons; the pattern is well developed in all regions before midgestation. Near-uniform reactivity throughout the striatum is achieved by 34 weeks, but subtle patchiness is still perceived at term. The globus pallidus shows uniform reactivity without stria from 13 weeks and the substantia nigra from 9 weeks. Synaptic patchiness in the fetal corpus striatum appears to correspond to the ''striosomes of Graybiel'' that define adjacent neurotransmitter-rich and neurotransmitter-poor zones. Clinical correlation is proposed with dystonic postures and athetoid movements observed in normal preterm neonates of 26 to 32 weeks. Keywords corpus striatum, dyskinesias, globus pallidus, striosomes of Graybiel, substantia nigra, synaptogenesis, synaptophysin, caudate, putamen Received October 25, 2011. Accepted for publication January 31, 2012. The temporal and spatial sequence of synaptogenesis can be demonstrated reliably in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections of human fetal brain using synaptophysin immunocytochemistry

Quality and Safety Aspects of Infant Nutrition

Quality and safety aspects of infant nutrition are of key importance for child health, but oftentimes they do not get much attention by health care professionals whose interest tends to focus on functional benefits of early nutrition. Unbalanced diets and harmful food components induce particularly high risks for untoward effects in infants because of their rapid growth, high nutrient needs, and their typical dependence on only one or few foods during the first months of life. The concepts, standards and practices that relate to infant food quality and safety were discussed at a scientific workshop organized by the Child Health Foundation and the Early Nutrition Academy jointly with the European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, and a summary is provided here. The participants reviewed past and current issues on quality and safety, the role of different stakeholders, and recommendations to avert future issues. It was concluded that a high level of quality and safety is currently achieved, but this is no reason for complacency. The food industry carries the primary responsibility for the safety and suitability of their products, including the quality of composition, raw materials and production processes. Introduction of new or modified products should be preceded by a thorough science based review of suitability and safety by an independent authority. Food safety events should be managed on an international basis. Global collaboration of food producers, food-safety authorities, paediatricians and scientists is needed to efficiently exchange information and to best protect public health. Copyright (C) 2012 S. Karger AG, Base

Effects of growth rate, size, and light availability on tree survival across life stages: a demographic analysis accounting for missing values and small sample sizes.

The data set supporting the results of this article is available in the Dryad repository, http://dx.doi.org/10.5061/dryad.6f4qs. Moustakas, A. and Evans, M. R. (2015) Effects of growth rate, size, and light availability on tree survival across life stages: a demographic analysis accounting for missing values.Plant survival is a key factor in forest dynamics and survival probabilities often vary across life stages. Studies specifically aimed at assessing tree survival are unusual and so data initially designed for other purposes often need to be used; such data are more likely to contain errors than data collected for this specific purpose

Common Variants of TLR1 Associate with Organ Dysfunction and Sustained Pro-Inflammatory Responses during Sepsis

Background: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are critical components for host pathogen recognition and variants in genes participating in this response influence susceptibility to infections. Recently, TLR1 gene polymorphisms have been found correlated with whole blood hyper-inflammatory responses to pathogen-associated molecules and associated with sepsis-associated multiorgan dysfunction and acute lung injury (ALI). We examined the association of common variants of TLR1 gene with sepsis-derived complications in an independent study and with serum levels for four inflammatory biomarker among septic patients. Methodology/Principal Findings: Seven tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms of the TLR1 gene were genotyped in samples from a prospective multicenter case-only study of patients with severe sepsis admitted into a network of intensive care units followed for disease severity. Interleukin (IL)-1 b, IL-6, IL-10, and C-reactive protein (CRP) serum levels were measured at study entry, at 48 h and at 7th day. Alleles -7202G and 248Ser, and the 248Ser-602Ile haplotype were associated with circulatory dysfunction among severe septic patients (0.001<=p <= 0.022), and with reduced IL-10 (0.012<= p <=0.047) and elevated CRP (0.011<= p <=0.036) serum levels during the first week of sepsis development. Additionally, the -7202GG genotype was found to be associated with hospital mortality (p =0.017) and ALI (p =0.050) in a combined analysis with European Americans, suggesting common risk effects among studies Conclusions/Significance: These results partially replicate and extend previous findings, supporting that variants of TLR1 gene are determinants of severe complications during sepsis