Exploring metropolitan governance: context vs practices in Lisbon, Madrid, Barcelona and Paris

Peer Reviewe

A governação de territórios metropolitanos. Contexto institucional e de planeamento nas regiões de Madrid, Barcelona, Paris e Lisboa / The regional metropolitan governance. Institutional mark and planning in Madrid, Barcelona, Paris and Lisbon

Resumo Em resposta aos desafios atuais de muitas grandes cidades, o contexto institucional e o planeamento territorial formam dimensões para melhorar a governação metropolitana. No quadro das regiões capitais do sudoeste europeu, quais poderão ser as inovações e diferenças nos seus modelos e processos em curso? Este artigo propõe uma investigação aplicada para apresentar a análise da governação metropolitana. Através do método de estudos de caso em perspectiva comparada, vários elementos e entrevistas são ponderados qualitativamente nas regiões de Madrid, Barcelona, Paris e Lisboa. As conclusões encontram uma tendência para o equilíbrio entre os esforços dessas duas dimensões da governação territorial metropolitana, não impedindo registrar os seus diferentes percursos: por exemplo Ile-de-France desenvolveu boas iniciativas em matéria de planeamento, que então pedem alguns ajustamentos no quadro político, enquanto Madrid teve “menos actividade” nos últimos anos, em resultado da sua grande estabilidade institucional. A região de Lisboa permanece talvez numa “posição intermédia”, com uma dinâmica de evolução pouco previsível. Mas de acordo com este argumento, admite-se que os seus processos podem levar a melhorias graduais no sistema de governação, com o seu próprio percurso, implementando acções que devem respeitar, em particular, a geografia do território. Abstract Addressing the running challenges of several greater cities, the institutional mark and regional planning are dimensions for improving metropolitan governance. Regarding the southwest European capital regions, what can be the innovations and differences in their currently processes and models? This paper proposes an applied framework to present the metropolitan governance analysis. Through a comparative case study methodology, various elements and interviews are qualitatively measured in the regions of Madrid, Barcelona, Paris and Lisbon. The conclusions find a tendency to balance between the efforts on those two regional metropolitan governance dimensions, which does not prevent to register their different paths: for example Ile-de-France has developed good initiatives in terms of planning, which then require some adjustments in the political mark, while Madrid had in recent years “less activity”, in result of his institutional stability. The Lisbon region maybe stays in an “intermediate position” with a dynamic evolution that is difficult to predict. But according to that argument, it’s possible to admit that his processes can gradually lead to small improvements in his governance system, with his own path, implementing actions that must respect, in particularly, the geography of the territory

Exploring metropolitan governance: context vs practices in Lisbon, Madrid, Barcelona and Paris

Peer Reviewe

Lisboa y las regiones metropolitanas del Sur de Europa a inicios de siglo XXI

La evolución territorial de las regiones metropolitanas se puede medir mediante un número contrastado de indicadores. Algunos de ellos se utilizan para estudiar el desarrollo regional (por ejemplo para movilidad, medioambiente o crecimiento económico), mientras otros permiten analizar los resultados de la implantación de políticas urbanas. Desde una previa separación de tres áreas funcionales – la ciudad central, la primera corona y la periferia regional – este artículo interpreta el caso de Lisboa a inicios del siglo XXI, comparando-lo con las regiones capitales más cercanas: Madrid, Barcelona y París (Ile-de-France). El trabajo tiene el interés de conseguir relacionar fácilmente los datos básicos de población, vivienda y empleo, lo que permite entender las dinámicas de crecimiento en ese momento. Y si la relación se percibe directamente en el “ámbito interno” de cada región, lo más relevante es poder comparar los indicadores desde la “misma área funcional”, entre los diferentes casos. Este es sin duda un análisis a nivel macro, sin entrar en la complejidad de la realidad social, política y de planeamiento de cada área metropolitana, pero nota la importancia de una lectura contrastada de indicadores cuantitativos.Lisbon and the South European metropolitan regions at the beginning of the century. The metropolitan regions territorial evolution can be measured with a number of contrasted indicators. Some of them are used to study the regional development (whether in mobility, environment or economic growth), while others allow us to analyse the results of the urban policies implementation. By the previous separation of three functional areas – the central city, the first metropolitan belt and the peripheral region – this paper presents the case of Lisbon at the beginning of the 21st century, comparing him to the three closest capital regions: Madrid, Barcelona and Paris (Ile-de-France). The research has the interest of easily relate the basis data of population, housing and employment, which allows to understand their growth dynamics at that moment. And if these relations can be seen directly in the “domestic sphere” of each region, the most important is to compare the indicators from the same functional area, between the different cases. It’s without any doubt a macro analysis, which does not reach the complexity of the planning, political and social realities, in each metropolitan area. Although, it remarks the importance of the quantitative indicators contrasted lecture.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

La ordenación del territorio en Portugal: El caso del área metropolitana de Lisboa

Regional planning is a growing subject that has not yet reached maturity in Portugal. This article presents a brief reflection concerning his problems, from the capital region case study. After an introduction to the country's administrative framework and his planning practices, it summarizes some of the current spatial dynamics and identifies the key issues to improve the governance of the Lisbon metropolitan area. From this perspective, it argues for a larger partnership between the technical and political dimensions of regional planning, which requires not only institutional reforms, but also progresses in the operational issues, participation, strategy and cooperation.La ordenación del territorio es una disciplina en construcción, que en Portugal no ha alcanzado todavía un grado de madurez. En este artículo se presenta una breve reflexión sobre los problemas que enfrenta esta disciplina, mediante el análisis del caso de la región capital. Después de una introducción al marco administrativo del país, que condiciona las prácticas de planeamiento, se resumen algunas dinámicas territoriales en curso e identifican cuestiones clave para mejorar la gobernanza del área metropolitana de Lisboa. Desde esta perspectiva, se defiende una mayor alianza entre las dimensiones técnicas y políticas de la ordenación del territorio, que no solamente requieren cambios institucionales, sino también avances en los procesos operativos de participación, estrategia y cooperación

Hospitality and Hospital Management

A hospital is a health organization that is largely run by doctors and nurses. Hospitality is the operational facet that helps people feel welcome, relaxed and comfortable. Hospitals are indeed examples of forced hospitality, their patients need a bed, they need to eat, but the element of choice and positive desire is crucial here, making the way to a creative and responsible Hospitality and Hospital Management. At this point, an eye is cast on Social Media (SM) and Social Networking (SNet) and how they can have a say in order to achieve this goal. This work was carried out as a case study. A total of 56 physicians, nurses and patients participated in this study by answering questionnaires. The ages of the contributor’s range d from 25 to 56 years old (mean age 37 years old), with 60% women and 40% men. The questionnaire consists of two sections, where the former one contains general questions (e.g. age, gender, academic qualifications), while the second includes information on dimensions such as Information Acquisition, Innovative Culture, Financial Performance, Food Quality and Staff-Services Issues, which are in line with the objectives of this work. Mathematical Logical Programs are presented that take into account the awareness of physicians, nurses and patients about their level of satisfaction with Hospitality and Hospital Management, in terms of an accurate description of their peculiar entropic states, leading to speed of decision-making, strategic focus, the ability to pursue long-term goals, as well as closer proximity among physicians, nurses and patients. This work shows that it is possible to predict trends in Hospitality and Hospital Management, therefore enabling preventive/corrective actions that can help create the best conditions for the physicians and nurse’s professional development, leading to patient satisfaction. On the other hand, the classic framework in communication has developed into Theoretical and Model-based approaches to Problem Solving, owing the Theoretical one a clear advantage over the Model-based, once proof theory yields a precise framework in which to articulate the computational features of the Logic Programming language with the internal behavior of such systems, set in terms of their variables Entropic States and of an intetwining of SM with SNet

Games and Follies at Urban Scale. Two examples in the education of Architects

Urban knowledge is mandatory in the Architecture syllabus. However, the subjects to understand the evolution of cities, their planning, design and governance, have particular complexity, especially the ones regarding technical issues, linked with Sustainable Development Goals, along with mobility, energy, economy and climate change. To solve this gap, different authors argue that a ludic approach can be useful for university lessons and even to improve professional practices. This paper discusses two cases of academic projects in Portuguese universities, with the common aim of designing urban solutions as follies connected to the regional environment. Despite the specific complexity, they both prove that these flexible tools, although not preventing the use of traditional methodologies in the learning processes of architectural education, can be especially relevant for the next generations in a context of digital university training.O conhecimento urbano é obrigatório nos cursos de Arquitetura. Contudo, as matérias para entender a evolução das cidades, o seu planeamento, projeto e gestão, têm a sua própria complexidade, especialmente quando relacionadas com aspetos técnicos, ligados aos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável, como mobilidade, energia, economia e alterações climáticas. Para preencher esta lacuna, diferentes autores consideram que uma aproximação lúdica pode ser útil no ensino universitário e até para melhorar as práticas profissionais. Este artigo comenta dois casos de projetos académicos em universidades portuguesas, que partilham o interesse por soluções urbanísticas através de follies vinculadas ao enquadramento regional. Para além da complexidade específica, ambos demonstram que instrumentos flexíveis, sem se prescindir do uso de metodologias mais tradicionais no processo de educação da arquitectura, poderão ser especialmente relevantes para as próximas gerações, num contexto digital de ensino universitário

An Entropic Approach to Burnout in the Management of a Kitchen Staff Team

Job satisfaction is an important factor in hospitality industry, figuratively, its chimera. A concept has not a single cause; rather, it is the product of elements such as conditions and relationships that determine the workplace, the organizational system of employment, and social, cultural, and economic uncertainties. For example, and as its antonym, Maslach defined burnout “as a psychological syndrome involving motional exhaustion, depersonalization, and a diminished sense of personal accomplishment that occurred among various professionals who work with other people in challenging situations”. This multidimensional approach describes the plight of a three-dimensional concept that is derived empirically, has a similarity with stress, adds an important social dimension to emotional issues such as exhaustion, deper sonalization, and challenging situations, i.e., there is the perception that the entropic state that each kitchen staff team member conveys is relevant for an appropriate personnel management of the kitchen staff team, and mirrors the social dimension that is object of study in this work

Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BACKGROUND Regular, detailed reporting on population health by underlying cause of death is fundamental for public health decision making. Cause-specific estimates of mortality and the subsequent effects on life expectancy worldwide are valuable metrics to gauge progress in reducing mortality rates. These estimates are particularly important following large-scale mortality spikes, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. When systematically analysed, mortality rates and life expectancy allow comparisons of the consequences of causes of death globally and over time, providing a nuanced understanding of the effect of these causes on global populations. METHODS The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 cause-of-death analysis estimated mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) from 288 causes of death by age-sex-location-year in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations for each year from 1990 until 2021. The analysis used 56 604 data sources, including data from vital registration and verbal autopsy as well as surveys, censuses, surveillance systems, and cancer registries, among others. As with previous GBD rounds, cause-specific death rates for most causes were estimated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model-a modelling tool developed for GBD to assess the out-of-sample predictive validity of different statistical models and covariate permutations and combine those results to produce cause-specific mortality estimates-with alternative strategies adapted to model causes with insufficient data, substantial changes in reporting over the study period, or unusual epidemiology. YLLs were computed as the product of the number of deaths for each cause-age-sex-location-year and the standard life expectancy at each age. As part of the modelling process, uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated using the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles from a 1000-draw distribution for each metric. We decomposed life expectancy by cause of death, location, and year to show cause-specific effects on life expectancy from 1990 to 2021. We also used the coefficient of variation and the fraction of population affected by 90% of deaths to highlight concentrations of mortality. Findings are reported in counts and age-standardised rates. Methodological improvements for cause-of-death estimates in GBD 2021 include the expansion of under-5-years age group to include four new age groups, enhanced methods to account for stochastic variation of sparse data, and the inclusion of COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality-which includes excess mortality associated with the pandemic, excluding COVID-19, lower respiratory infections, measles, malaria, and pertussis. For this analysis, 199 new country-years of vital registration cause-of-death data, 5 country-years of surveillance data, 21 country-years of verbal autopsy data, and 94 country-years of other data types were added to those used in previous GBD rounds. FINDINGS The leading causes of age-standardised deaths globally were the same in 2019 as they were in 1990; in descending order, these were, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lower respiratory infections. In 2021, however, COVID-19 replaced stroke as the second-leading age-standardised cause of death, with 94·0 deaths (95% UI 89·2-100·0) per 100 000 population. The COVID-19 pandemic shifted the rankings of the leading five causes, lowering stroke to the third-leading and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to the fourth-leading position. In 2021, the highest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 occurred in sub-Saharan Africa (271·0 deaths [250·1-290·7] per 100 000 population) and Latin America and the Caribbean (195·4 deaths [182·1-211·4] per 100 000 population). The lowest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 were in the high-income super-region (48·1 deaths [47·4-48·8] per 100 000 population) and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania (23·2 deaths [16·3-37·2] per 100 000 population). Globally, life expectancy steadily improved between 1990 and 2019 for 18 of the 22 investigated causes. Decomposition of global and regional life expectancy showed the positive effect that reductions in deaths from enteric infections, lower respiratory infections, stroke, and neonatal deaths, among others have contributed to improved survival over the study period. However, a net reduction of 1·6 years occurred in global life expectancy between 2019 and 2021, primarily due to increased death rates from COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality. Life expectancy was highly variable between super-regions over the study period, with southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania gaining 8·3 years (6·7-9·9) overall, while having the smallest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 (0·4 years). The largest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 occurred in Latin America and the Caribbean (3·6 years). Additionally, 53 of the 288 causes of death were highly concentrated in locations with less than 50% of the global population as of 2021, and these causes of death became progressively more concentrated since 1990, when only 44 causes showed this pattern. The concentration phenomenon is discussed heuristically with respect to enteric and lower respiratory infections, malaria, HIV/AIDS, neonatal disorders, tuberculosis, and measles. INTERPRETATION Long-standing gains in life expectancy and reductions in many of the leading causes of death have been disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, the adverse effects of which were spread unevenly among populations. Despite the pandemic, there has been continued progress in combatting several notable causes of death, leading to improved global life expectancy over the study period. Each of the seven GBD super-regions showed an overall improvement from 1990 and 2021, obscuring the negative effect in the years of the pandemic. Additionally, our findings regarding regional variation in causes of death driving increases in life expectancy hold clear policy utility. Analyses of shifting mortality trends reveal that several causes, once widespread globally, are now increasingly concentrated geographically. These changes in mortality concentration, alongside further investigation of changing risks, interventions, and relevant policy, present an important opportunity to deepen our understanding of mortality-reduction strategies. Examining patterns in mortality concentration might reveal areas where successful public health interventions have been implemented. Translating these successes to locations where certain causes of death remain entrenched can inform policies that work to improve life expectancy for people everywhere. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Parámetros de gobernabilidad territorial metropolitana

En el marco del objetivo de ordenación territorial, el concepto de gobernabilidad se viene destacando como el elemento de soporte y equilibrio institucional para lograr “políticas sostenibles”, que cumplan los requisitos de mejora medioambiental, social y económica, a largo plazo. Pero ¿en que consiste esta nueva “modalidad de gobierno”? ¿Qué parámetros pueden delimitar la gobernabilidad del territorio, en particular de las grandes aglomeraciones metropolitanas, que mezclan distintos niveles de decisión? El presente texto es una contribución para discutir estos temas y propone seis líneas de actuación – mejorar el gobierno y la ordenación de regiones metropolitanas es trabajar sobre los retos de competencias y marco jurídico, de recursos humanos, económicos y tecnológicos, de democracia y liderazgo, de participación y capital social, de estrategia territorial y de colaboración para la implantación de proyectos