Identification of a Command Neuron Directing the Expression of Feeding Behavior in \u3cem\u3eDrosophila melanogaster\u3c/em\u3e: A Dissertation

Feeding is one of the most important behaviors for an animal’s survival. At a gross level, it is known that the nervous system plays a major role in the expression of this complex behavior, yet a detailed understanding of the neural circuits directing feeding behavior remains unknown. Here we identify a command neuron in Drosophila melanogaster whose artificial activation, using dTrpA1, a heat-activated cation channel, induces the appearance of complete feeding behavior. We use behavioral, genetic, cellular and optical imaging techniques to show that the induced behavior is composed of multiple motor programs and can function to uptake exogenous, even noxious, material. Furthermore, we resolve the neuron’s location to the subesophageal ganglion, characterize its pre and post-synaptic sites, and determine its responsiveness to sucrose stimulation. Interestingly, the neuron’s dendritic field is proximal to sweet sensing axon terminals and its baseline activity corresponds to the fly’s satiation state, suggesting a potential point of integration between sensory, motor and motivational systems. The identification of a command neuron for feeding in a genetically tractable organism provides a useful model to develop a deeper understanding of the neural control of this ubiquitous and evolutionarily ancient behavior

Canadian Medical Malpractice Law in 2011: Missing the Mark on Patient Safety

This paper surveys the current state of medical malpractice law in Canada, along with current evidence on adverse events in Canadian hospitals, medical clinics, and long-term care facilities. Though there is currently no burning platform to reform Canadian medical malpractice law, the authors raise concerns about the law\u27s failure to deter medical malpractice, as well as concerns about access to justice issues facing victims of medical malpractice. Federal and provincial governments have tried to promote patient safety through various prevention strategies—for example, through the creation of Health Quality Councils, the dissemination of information on best practices, and tighter regulation of private clinics. Although patient safety advocates often contend that the threat of medical malpractice claims may exacerbate problems in patient safety, there is no evidence to support this in the Canadian context. The authors contend that medical malpractice law could be made a more effective component in this drive to promote patient safety

Modernizing the Canada Health Act

The Canada Health Act (CHA) was adopted in 1984, to shore up a health-care system conceptualized in the 1960s. Under the CHA, universal coverage is limited to medicallynecessary hospital and physician services, to the exclusion of vital goods and services such as outpatient pharmaceuticals, dental care, long-term care, and many mental health services. Inequities resulting from these gaps in public coverage are partly to blame for pushing Canada\u27s health system to the bottom ofrecent international rankings. But there is more to modernizing Canada s health care system, we argue, than filling these gaps in universal coverage. Every major health system review undertaken in Canada over the past decade has ended with a call for greater accountability, and rightly so: accountability is arguably the sine qua non of high-performing health systems. Whereas many countries have established open and rigorous processes for evaluating health goods and services, targeting public spending on those that deliver the biggest bang for buck, Canada\u27s governance mechanism for defining the medicare basket is passive, opaque and only tenuously evidence-driven. A move to expand medicare\u27s scope of coverage must be accompanied by improvements in this type of accountabilit

Frivolous Attempts at Modifying Search Warrants and the 4th Amendment

Since the ratification of the amendments to the United States Constitution, there have been over 11,000 attempts to make changes (Gorham, 2011). Some have passed, but the majority has not passed. This paper sheds light on some of the attempted changes, with regards to the 4th Amendment and the benefit to the criminal aspect, which also happens to hamper the abilities of law enforcement. Judges, attorneys, and professors in the criminal justice field have written numerous legal papers asserting their opinions on how to make changes to the 4th Amendment, and not one paper researched would assist law enforcement in the arrest or conviction of the suspected party. The relevancy of this paper reveals a brief insight into the rationale used by persons to attempt to justify why changes to the 4th Amendment should be approved. However, attempts at modifying law enforcement protocols, and Supreme Court decisions regarding search warrants and the 4th Amendment, should be dismissed. Search warrants and the 4th Amendment should not be modified because of the following: it provides a legal avenue to search for evidence of a crime, it would be a detriment to law enforcement, and it allows officers to view items in vehicle in plain view while conducting a traffic stop. The information revealed showed no benefit to the law enforcement or prosecutorial branch, and, in reality, each point reviewed would either add restrictions on officers or allow more avenues for prosecution of the officer for lack of oversight or not being trained by his or hers department

Antipsychotic medication side effects knowledge amongst registered mental health nurses in England: A national survey

© 2020 The Authors. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd What is known on the subject?: Research findings indicate the percentage of knowledge-related errors in medicines management is high, accounting for approximately 75% of all errors, with insufficient knowledge levels one of the most significant contributors of medication errors. Patients should be able to trust nurses to engage therapeutically and actively listen to their needs and concerns, responding using skills that are helpful, providing information that is clear, accurate, meaningful and free from jargon. However, without knowledge of pharmacology, it is impossible for nurses to be able to provide adequate advice. What the paper adds to the existing knowledge?: This study has examined an area that had not yet been systematically examined previously, which draws together previous research findings on mental health nurses' knowledge of adverse events, including side effects and medication errors, related to antipsychotic medication within NHS inpatient settings. What are the implications for practice?: A recent study has found that almost three-quarters (73%) of patients taking antipsychotic medication reported side effects to some degree. This high number of people experiencing antipsychotic medication side effects is likely to compromise care, especially in situations where nurses have inadequate knowledge of side effects and are unable to provide effective advice to patients. The findings from this study allow the mental health nursing profession an opportunity to reflect on the best means to increase knowledge and increase patient safety awareness and benefits for mental health service users. Abstract: Introduction Antipsychotic medications play a significant role in the treatment and recovery of people with several psychiatric disorders. However, research findings indicate mental health nurses are insufficiently knowledgeable about antipsychotic medication side effects. Aim To assess practising mental health nurses' knowledge of antipsychotic medication side effects using a Multiple-Choice Questionnaire (MCQ) across National Health Service (NHS) Trusts in England. Hypothesis Knowledge of antipsychotic medication side effects amongst registered mental health nurses is related to their academic qualification, clinical banding and length of experience. Method A national survey of registered mental health nurses was carried out using an online questionnaire which was disseminated by Research and Development departments. Results A total of 504 questionnaires were returned, 245 of which had full data and further analysed. The mean score for the sample was 14.4 and only 21 participants attained a mark of >80%. Implications for Practice Two out of three of our hypotheses (that length of experience and clinical banding are directly related to knowledge of antipsychotic medication side effects) were supported. Our study found many nurses have a suboptimal working knowledge of antipsychotic medication side effects which has the potential to compromise care. Strategies need to be put in place to enhance pharmacology knowledge

A3_6 Could it really be cheese?

This paper investigated the material properties of the moon in the film ”Wallace and Gromit A Grand Day Out”. We conclude that it is possible for the moon to be comprised of cheese, demonstrated by a kinetic friction coefficient of 0.16 which is comparable to a lightly lubricated metal-rough surface boundary much like skis against a crumbly cheese

A3_3 When Roasted Pigs Fly

This paper investigated the excess energy produced when propane is used to lift a hot air balloon by testing if you could roast a pig while the balloon is flying. We found that the balloon would be able to fly as the propane releases 24.0MW, which is more than enough to roast the pig and fly the balloon

A3_9 All I Want Thaw Christmas Is You

In this paper, we investigate if it would be possible to defrost Mariah Carey from an ice cube of length 2 m in time for the 1st of December if you began defrosting her on the 1st of November. It was found that it would take a total of 12.6 days for Mariah to return to normal body temperature, leaving her plenty of time to prepare for the Christmas season before it arrives

A3_2 If a Tree Falls...

In this paper we are investigating the distances a person can be away from a tree to still be ableto hear it fall. We have calculated that the furthest away a listener can be, with no noise fromthe surrounding area, to still be able to hear a tree fall is approximately 1000km and the furthestdistance they can stand and still hear the noise in a city with traffic is 100m