793 research outputs found
Treatment of syphilis by arylarsonates
(1) The chief points about ATOXYL are its varying composition, its liability to contamination during the process of manufacture, its relative toxicity
and its liability to decomposition under various
physical and chemical conditions. Besides, there
is its injurious action on the neuro-retinal visual
apparatus. There is a conflict of opinion regarding
its value. Although it is able to modify primary,
secondary and various tertiary specific lesions, it
fails in hereditary and parasyphilitic conditions.
The fact that it sometimes succeeds where Mercury and
the Iodides have failed, is no reason why it should
be adopted as a routine mode of treatment in human
Syphilis in view of the better results obtained by
some of the newer arsenical preparations. The only
conditions where it is likely to replace Mercury are
in the various cases - already mentioned -- where that
drug is contra-indicated or cannot be tolerated.(2) SOAMIN recommends itself to us on account of
its definite chemical composition, its purity and relative non -toxicity. There is a unanimity of opinion
as to its beneficial effects in primary, secondary
and tertiary specific lesions. Authorities are also
agreed as to its failure in hereditary and parasyphilitic conditions. It certainly succeeds where Mercury
and the Iodides sometimes fail or are contra-indicated.
Very seldom does it give rise to toxic effects or to
visual disturbances. In conditions where Mercury is
contra-indicated or useless, it is likely to replace
it, and again in the Tropics where on account of the
debility caused by climatic and malarial conditions it
cannot be given. It certainly causes an increase in
weight in almost every case and acts as a tonic in
tropical debility. Its advantage over Mercury is
that it causes no salivation, stomatitis or spongy
gums. Likewise, in moderate remedial doses, it does
not cause diarrhoea, a point of great value, as compared with Mercury, in the tropics where diarrhoea is
such a prevalent disease or symptom.(3) ARSACETIN recommends itself to us on account
of its purity, marked stability and the rapid manner
in which it modifies all forms of the disease except
hereditary and parasyphilitic ones. Compared with
Soamin and Atoxyl, the weight of clinical evidence is
108.
in its favour. It does not cause neuro-retinal ocular disturbances (like Atoxyl), is relatively nontoxic, well borne and certainly indicated where Mercury is useless or contra-indicated. When possible,
it should be followed by a mercurial course, and is
indicated in tropical conditions. Under its action,
patients rapidly increase in weight and it acts indirectly as a tonic.Colonel Lambkin, in speaking of this drug and.
Soamin, said that the good results he obtained in his
cases strengthened his conviction that we had in them,
a secondary specific for Syphilis, at least from a preventive and remedial point of view. As regards
the former, he had then under his care cases with
undoubted primary specific lesions which were treated
with Soamin and which were closely observed every
week for ten months without developing any further
sign of the disease. From the remedial point of
view the good results he obtained speak for it. But
as a curative agent, it is beyond us all at present
to give a positive answer to this all -important question; time and clinical experience alone would enable us to do so. This could not be done until it
was proved beyond doubt that arylarsonates were capable of permanently expelling the spirochaetae pallida
from the system, as indicated by the patient being rendored capable of re- infection. Neisser's successful experiments on apes from this point of view justified us in hoping for this end. Until the question
as to the capability of arylarsonates bringing about
a permanent cure was fully established, he would give
Mercury after a course of treatment by arylarsonates.
Later on, the same author(2)in speaking of the arylarsonates, said that our present knowledge of the
power of these arsenical salts over Syphilis was in a very elementary stage, but he looked forward to further experience of them and improved technique leading us to that goal in the treatment of Syphilis which
had already been attained with dourine. Regarding
Arsacetin, Neisser(3)says that he has hitherto applied
the mercurial and arsacetin treatment simultaneously,
but perhaps they could be carried out alternately.(4) ARSENO-PHENYL-GLYCIN has been fully dealt
with elsewhere and it only remains for me to say that,
despite the brilliant results which follow its administration, there is no likelihood, on account of its
instability and the inconvenient form in which it is
supplied, of it ever replacing Mercury, and even other
arylarsonates like Soamin, Arsacetin, Atoxylate of
Mercury and Salvarsan in the treatment of human Syphilis.In reviewing the arylarsonates hitherto discussed and used before the introduction of Salvarsan and
Mercury Atoxylate, Colonel Lambkin said that it was
far too soon to express an opinion as to whether they
were likely to prove of permanent benefit in Syphilis
or whether they were likely to replace Mercury in
the disease, but the results were encouraging.
Whether they had any abortive or prophylactic effect
on the future development of the disease after inoculation, he was unable to speak except to note that
when given at an early date they delayed and modified
considerably the secondary signs of the disease and
that they had very beneficial effects on all specific
mucous ulcerations. It was well established, he
thought, that in the arylarsonates we had a second
specific for Syphilis, the importance of which could
not well be exaggerated.(5) In MERCURY ATOXYLATE we have a very potent
drug exerting both the specific actions of Atoxyl and
Mercury on the spirochaetae, both in vitro and in
corpore. It is far more potent than Calomel injections alone. If applied to suitable cases and care
taken in its administration, it is a safe drug.
Lambkin and others who have used it, prefer it to
Mercury over which it has a decided advantage in the
rapidity with which it controls the symptoms of the disease. I am of opinion that this drug will certainly displace the mercurial treatment of Syphilis.(6) SALVARSAN or Ehrlich Hata's "606" is the most
potent drug hitherto discovered and applied to the
treatment of human Syphilis in its protean aspects.
Its stability, non -toxicity, ease of administration,
rapidity of action, the fact that it does not affect
the neuro-retinal visual apparatus, all speak in its
favour. It is indicated in all forms of the disease
viz. primary, secondary, tertiary and hereditary lues,
while it has a marked effect in combating some of the
symptoms occurrinm_ in parasyphilis. It has yielded
marvellous results in alleviating the various crises
of locomotor ataxia of specific origin. With the
doses at present used, cases have been said to recur,
but Professor Herxheimer, Dr H. Isaac and others
have never seen them. Dr Leonor Michaelis found
that the recovery was absolute in a few days in most
of his cases, while Dr Gourwitsch and S. Bormann
selected cases which had been treated with the most
powerful of mercurial methods and found that the comparison of these with Arseno-benzol proved the over-whelming value of the latter.By way.of conclusion, I may say that from a personal experience of the effects produced by Salvarsan
and the reports of eminent authorities, that the drug
is absolutely superior in Syphilis to any other known
drug, and. that a single injection, in a suitable case,
will produce results obtained only after years of_
treatment with Mercury. This latter drug, however,
is not to be discarded because it seems to have been
proved that there are strains of spiroçhaetaç that
are arsenic-proof. In the same way, there are strains
that are Mercury-proof. Perhaps by using one drug
after the other we may be able to destroy all these
various strains and so bring about a permanent cure
of the disease.In spite of the pre-eminence of Salvarsan as the
best curative and prophylactic agent hitherto discovered for Syphilis, I venture to state that the
last word has not yet been spoken on the treatment of.
Syphilis
P11 - HOT MELT EXTRUSION AS AN EFFECTIVE TOOL TO IMPROVE RELEASE RATES OF POORLY WATER-SOLUBLE DRUGS.
Correspondence: Reply to ‘Numerical modelling of the PERM anomaly and the Emeishan large igneous province’
Tectonic plates and plate boundaries migrate substantially through time and mantle plumes are generally accepted to be mobile within the convecting mantle, but it has been proposed that large low shear velocity provinces (LLSVPs) could have been fixed and rigid for as much as 540 million years (Myr). The hypotheses of fixed and rigid LLSVPs cannot be easily tested in the absence of constraints on the past location of lowermost mantle structures. We evaluated the hypothesis9of lower mantle thermochemical structure fixity with numerical experiments. As in earlier studies, we argue that the location of lower mantle thermochemical structures has changed through time
Origin and evolution of the deep thermochemical structure beneath Eurasia
A unique structure in the Earth’s lowermost mantle, the Perm Anomaly, was recently identified beneath Eurasia. It seismologically resembles the large low-shear velocity provinces (LLSVPs) under Africa and the Pacific, but is much smaller. This challenges the current understanding of the evolution of the plate–mantle system in which plumes rise from the edges of the two LLSVPs, spatially fixed in time. New models of mantle flow over the last 230 million years reproduce the present-day structure of the lower mantle, and show a Perm-like anomaly. The anomaly formed in isolation within a closed subduction network ∼22,000 km in circumference prior to 150 million years ago before migrating ∼1,500 km westward at an average rate of 1 cm year^(−1), indicating a greater mobility of deep mantle structures than previously recognized. We hypothesize that the mobile Perm Anomaly could be linked to the Emeishan volcanics, in contrast to the previously proposed Siberian Traps
Propagation of social representations
Based on a minimal formalism of social representations as a set of associated cognems, a simple model of propagation of representations is presented. Assuming that subjects share the constitutive cognems, the model proposes that mere focused attention on the set of cognems in the field of common conscience may replicate the pattern of representation from context into subjects, or, from subject to subject, through actualization by language, where cognems are represented by verbal signs. Limits of the model are discussed, and evolutionist perspectives are presented with the support of field data
Elongation of confined ferrofluid droplets under applied fields
Ferrofluids are strongly paramagnetic liquids. We study the behavior of
ferrofluid droplets confined between two parallel plates with a weak applied
field parallel to the plates. The droplets elongate under the applied field to
reduce their demagnetizing energy and reach an equilibrium shape where the
magnetic forces balance against the surface tension. This elongation varies
logarithmically with aspect ratio of droplet thickness to its original radius,
in contrast to the behavior of unconfined droplets. Experimental studies of a
ferrofluid/water/surfactant emulsion confirm this prediction.Comment: 12 pages, 7 figures. Submitted to Phys. Rev.
Altimeter processing tools for analyzing mesoscale ocean features
Satellite altimeters provide many opportunities for oceanographers to supplement their research with a valuable new data set.
The recent GEOSAT exact repeat mission is the first of several altimeter missions proposed during the next decade. To utilize this
new data, a software package was developed at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and the University of Hawaii to facilitate
the extraction of useful information from the NODC distributed GEOSAT data tapes. This software package was written with
portability and modularity in mind. It should be possible to use this package with little or no modifications on data from future
altimeters. The code was written in C and tested on Sun workstations and is oriented toward UNIX operating systems. However,
since standard code was used, the programs should port easily to other computer systems. The modularity of the code should enable
users to create additional programs. Additional programs designed to handle collocated water vapor corrections are also included
for comparison.Funding was provided by the Office of Naval Research through
Grant No. N00014-86-K-0751
Molecular Characteristics of Extraintestinal Pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC), Uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC), and Multidrug Resistant E. coli Isolated from Healthy Dogs in Spain. Whole Genome Sequencing of Canine ST372 Isolates and Comparison with Human Isolates Causing Extraintestinal Infections
Under a one health perspective and the worldwide antimicrobial resistance concern, we investigated extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC), uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC), and multidrug resistant (MDR) E. coli from 197 isolates recovered from healthy dogs in Spain between 2013 and 2017. A total of 91 (46.2%) isolates were molecularly classified as ExPEC and/or UPEC, including 50 clones, among which (i) four clones were dominant (B2-CH14-180-ST127, B2-CH52-14-ST141, B2-CH103-9-ST372 and F-CH4-58-ST648) and (ii) 15 had been identified among isolates causing extraintestinal infections in Spanish and French humans in 2015 and 2016. A total of 28 (14.2%) isolates were classified as MDR, associated with B1, D, and E phylogroups, and included 24 clones, of which eight had also been identified among the human clinical isolates. We selected 23 ST372 strains, 21 from healthy dogs, and two from human clinical isolates for whole genome sequencing and built an SNP-tree with these 23 genomes and 174 genomes (128 from canine strains and 46 from human strains) obtained from public databases. These 197 genomes were segregated into six clusters. Cluster 1 comprised 74.6% of the strain genomes, mostly composed of canine strain genomes (p < 0.00001). Clusters 4 and 6 also included canine strain genomes, while clusters 2, 3, and 5 were significantly associated with human strain genomes. Finding several common clones and clone-related serotypes in dogs and humans suggests a potentially bidirectional clone transfer that argues for the one health perspective
An Extended Network of Genomic Maintenance in the Archaeon Pyrococcus abyssi Highlights Unexpected Associations between Eucaryotic Homologs.
In Archaea, the proteins involved in the genetic information processing pathways, including DNA replication, transcription, and translation, share strong similarities with those of eukaryotes. Characterizations of components of the eukaryotic-type replication machinery complex provided many interesting insights into DNA replication in both domains. In contrast, DNA repair processes of hyperthermophilic archaea are less well understood and very little is known about the intertwining between DNA synthesis, repair and recombination pathways. The development of genetic system in hyperthermophilic archaea is still at a modest stage hampering the use of complementary approaches of reverse genetics and biochemistry to elucidate the function of new candidate DNA repair gene. To gain insights into genomic maintenance processes in hyperthermophilic archaea, a protein-interaction network centred on informational processes of Pyrococcus abyssi was generated by affinity purification coupled with mass spectrometry. The network consists of 132 interactions linking 87 proteins. These interactions give insights into the connections of DNA replication with recombination and repair, leading to the discovery of new archaeal components and of associations between eucaryotic homologs. Although this approach did not allow us to clearly delineate new DNA pathways, it provided numerous clues towards the function of new molecular complexes with the potential to better understand genomic maintenance processes in hyperthermophilic archaea. Among others, we found new potential partners of the replication clamp and demonstrated that the single strand DNA binding protein, Replication Protein A, enhances the transcription rate, in vitro, of RNA polymerase. This interaction map provides a valuable tool to explore new aspects of genome integrity in Archaea and also potentially in Eucaryotes
Phase transitions in a ferrofluid at magnetic field induced microphase separation
In the presence of a magnetic field applied perpendicular to a thin sample
layer, a suspension of magnetic colloidal particles (ferrofluid) can form
spatially modulated phases with a characteristic length determined by the
competition between dipolar forces and short-range forces opposing density
variations. We introduce models for thin-film ferrofluids in which
magnetization and particle density are viewed as independent variables and in
which the non-magnetic properties of the colloidal particles are described
either by a lattice-gas entropy or by the Carnahan-Starling free energy. Our
description is particularly well suited to the low-particle density regions
studied in many experiments. Within mean-field theory, we find isotropic,
hexagonal and stripe phases, separated in general by first-order phase
boundaries.Comment: 12 pages, RevTex, to appear in PR
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