23 research outputs found

    Elevated faecal ovotransferrin concentrations are indicative for intestinal barrier failure in broiler chickens

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    Intestinal health is critically important for the welfare and performance of poultry. Enteric diseases that cause gut barrier failure result in high economic losses. Up till now there is no reliable faecal marker to measure gut barrier failure under field conditions. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to identify a faecal protein marker for diminished intestinal barrier function due to enteric diseases in broilers. To assess this, experimental necrotic enteritis and coccidiosis in broilers were used as models for gut barrier failure. Ovotransferrin was identified as a marker for gut barrier failure using a proteomics approach on samples from chickens with necrotic enteritis. These results were confirmed via ELISA on samples derived from both necrotic enteritis and coccidiosis trials, where faecal ovotransferrin levels were significantly correlated with the severity of gut barrier failure caused by either coccidiosis or necrotic enteritis. This indicates that faecal ovotransferrin quantification may represent a valuable tool to measure gut barrier failure caused by enteric pathogens

    Protein truncating variants of colA in clostridium perfringens type G strains

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    Extracellular matrix (ECM) degrading enzymes produced by Clostridium perfringens may play an important role during the initial phases of avian necrotic enteritis by facilitating toxin entry in the intestinal mucosa and destruction of the tissue. C. perfringens is known to produce several ECM-degrading proteases, such as kappa toxin, an extracellular collagenase that is encoded by the colA gene. In this study, the colA gene sequence of a collection of 48 C. perfringens strains, including pathogenic (i.e. toxinotype G) and commensal (i.e. toxinotype A) chicken derived strains and strains originating from other host species, was analyzed. Although the colA gene showed a high level of conservation (>96% nucleotide sequence identity), several gene variants carrying different nonsense mutations in the colA gene were identified, leading to the definition of four truncated collagenase variant types (I-IV). Collagenase variant types I, III and IV have a (nearly) complete collagenase unit but lack parts of the C-terminal recruitment domains, whereas collagenase variant types II misses the N-terminal part of collagenase unit. Gene fragments encoding a truncated collagenase were mainly linked with necrotic enteritis associated C. perfringens type G strains with collagenase variant types I and II being the most prevalent types. Gelatin zymography revealed that both recombinant full-length and variant type I collagenase have active auto-cleavage products. Moreover, both recombinant fragments were capable of degrading type I as well as type IV collagen, although variant type I collagenase showed a higher relative activity against collagen type IV as compared to full-length collagenase. Consequently, these smaller truncated collagenases might be able to break down collagen type IV in the epithelial basement membrane of the intestinal villi and so contribute to the initiation of the pathological process leading to necrotic enteritis

    The Activation Status of Neuroantigen-specific T Cells in the Target Organ Determines the Clinical Outcome of Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

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    The clinical picture of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is critically dependent on the nature of the target autoantigen and the genetic background of the experimental animals. Potentially lethal EAE is mediated by myelin basic protein (MBP)–specific T cells in Lewis rats, whereas transfer of S100β- or myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)–specific T cells causes intense inflammatory response in the central nervous system (CNS) with minimal disease. However, in Dark Agouti rats, the pathogenicity of MOG-specific T cells resembles the one of MBP-specific T cells in the Lewis rat. Using retrovirally transduced green fluorescent T cells, we now report that differential disease activity reflects different levels of autoreactive effector T cell activation in their target tissue. Irrespective of their pathogenicity, the migratory activity, gene expression patterns, and immigration of green fluorescent protein+ T cells into the CNS were similar. However, exclusively highly pathogenic T cells were significantly reactivated within the CNS. Without local effector T cell activation, production of monocyte chemoattractants was insufficient to initiate and propagate a full inflammatory response. Low-level reactivation of weakly pathogenic T cells was not due to anergy because these cells could be activated by specific antigen in situ as well as after isolation ex vivo

    Transkriptomanalysen zur Interaktion von Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis mit seiner Wirtspflanze

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    Flügel M. Transkriptomanalysen zur Interaktion von Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis mit seiner Wirtspflanze. Bielefeld (Germany): Bielefeld University; 2010.Mit der Microarraytechnologie kann das komplette Transkriptom eines Organismus unter zwei verschiedenen Bedingungen miteinander verglichen werden. In dieser Arbeit wurde diese Technologie erstmals bei einem phytopathogenen Gram-positiven Bakterium, Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (Cmm), eingesetzt. Dabei wurde das Expressionsprofil von Cmm in planta bzw. unter verschiedenen gut reproduzierbaren in vitro Bedingungen mit dem in Minimalmedium verglichen. In planta trat ein komplexes Expressionsmuster auf, bei dem 10 Tage nach Infektion, einem Zeitpunkt, an dem bereits die ersten Symptome bei Tomatenpflanzen auftreten, 42 Prozent aller Cmm-Gene (1325) im Vergleich zu in vitro-Bedingungen (Minimalmedium, log-Phase) differentiell exprimiert vorlagen. Unter anderem zeigten auch Gene der EPS-Biosynthese und ein Gen, das für ein Perforin codiert (CMM_2283), in der Pflanze ein anderes Expressionsprofil. Das Haupt-EPS (EPS-IV) scheint sowohl in planta als auch in vitro ähnlich stark synthetisiert zu werden. Aufgrund der Induktion von EPS-II und der Repression von EPS-III ist allerdings eine veränderte Oberflächenstruktur der Bakterien innerhalb der Pflanze zu erwarten. Perforine können Poren in Membranen von Eukaryonten bilden, so eine Lyse der Zelle hervorrufen, aber auch den Transport von Proteinen (Virulenzfaktoren/Effektoren) ins Cytosol der Wirtszelle ermöglichen. Die verstärkte Expression des Perforins in planta könnte ein Indiz dafür sein, dass dieses Protein an der Bakterien-Pflanzen-Interaktion beteiligt ist. Entgegen der Erwartung, dass Virulenzfaktoren in der Pflanze verstärkt exprimiert werden, waren bekannte und potentielle Virulenzfaktoren von Cmm wie z.B. celA (Cellulase), pat-1, chpC oder ppaC (Serinproteasen) in planta reprimiert. Die Repression dieser Gene, die alle für extrazelluläre Enzyme codieren, war auch in vitro nach Supplementierung mit Tomatenblatthomogenat nicht-infizierter Pflanzen zu beobachten. Dies deutet darauf hin, dass sie in späten Infektionsphasen nicht oder nur noch vermindert exprimiert werden. Eventuell wirken cytoplasmatische Komponenten der Pflanze, die durch die zunehmende Mazerierung pflanzlichen Gewebes freigesetzt werden, reprimierend. Die Expression dieser Virulenzfaktoren kann demnach mit dem in vitro-Modellsystem (Minimalmedium mit Tomatenblatthomogenat) gut widergespiegelt werden. In Gegenwart von Tomatenblatthomogenat konnten zwei Gene für Transkriptionsregulatoren als differentiell exprimiert eingestuft werden, darunter sigY, das für einen Sigmafaktor codiert. Das zweite Gen (CMM_1624) codiert einen Transkriptionsregulator der TetR-Familie und zeigte in Gegenwart von Tomatenblatthomogenat und auch in planta ebenso wie die Virulenzfaktoren eine Repression. Mittels gene-replacement erzeugte CMM_1624-Mutanten wiesen im Pflanzentest mit der Wirtspflanze eine im Vergleich zum Kontrollstamm reduzierte Virulenz auf. Dabei war die Abschwächung der Virulenz bei CMM101_1624 (pCM1+, pCM2-), der Mutante, die nur eins der beiden endogenen Plasmide des Wildtypstamms enthält, stärker als bei der Mutante mit beiden Plasmiden (Cmm1624). Allerdings ist noch unklar, welche Gene von CMM_1624 reguliert werden und zu dem veränderten Virulenzphänotyp führen. Die Zugabe von Xylemsaft nicht-infizierter Pflanzen führte u.a. zu einer Repression von Genen des Eisenmetabolismus (Hydroxamatbiosynthese und verschiedene Eisentransporter), die eine vorhergesagte Bindestelle für den Eisenregulator DtxR aufweisen. Bei einer DtxR--Mutante allerdings waren die gleichen Gene in mit Xylemsaft supplementiertem Medium im Vergleich zum Wildtyp induziert. Es wurden also Gene identifiziert, die bei der DtxR--Mutante unter erhöhten Eisenkonzentrationen zu einer deregulierten Siderophor-Bildung führen. Zudem kann aufgrund der differentiellen Expression dieser Gene in Medium mit Xylemsaft eine erhöhte Konzentration leicht zugänglicher Eisenverbindungen im Xylemsaft angenommen werden. Ein Transporter der CitMHS-Familie, der an der Aufnahme von Fe3+-Citrat beteiligt sein könnte, war ebenfalls nach Zugabe von Xylemsaft induziert. Da zudem die mittels GC-MS bestimmte Citratkonzentration im Xylemsaft (nicht) infizierter Pflanzen bei 50-120 µM lag, scheint innerhalb des Xylems Citrat als Eisenkomplexbildner in genügend hoher Menge vorhanden zu sein, um die Eisenversorgung von Cmm zu gewährleisten. Zusätzlich kann das Citrat als C- und Energie-Quelle verwendet werden. GC-MS-Messungen des Überstands einer Cmm-Kultur in unverdünntem Xylemsaft zeigten jedoch, dass Carbonsäuren wie Citrat und Malat von Cmm erst nach den offenbar bevorzugten Zuckern, Glucose und Fructose, verwertet werden. In dieser Arbeit konnten mit der Microarraytechnologie neue Erkenntnisse zur Interaktion von Cmm mit seiner Wirtspflanze gewonnen werden. Auch in Zukunft kann diese Technik zur weiteren Aufklärung der molekularen Mechanismen, die an dieser Bakterien-Pflanzen-Interaktion beteiligt sind, beitragen

    The role of T cells in brain pathology

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    Analysis of the interaction of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp michiganensis with its host plant tomato by genome-wide expression profiling

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    FlĂĽgel M, Becker A, Gartemann K-H, Eichenlaub R. Analysis of the interaction of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp michiganensis with its host plant tomato by genome-wide expression profiling. Journal of Biotechnology. 2012;160(1-2):42-54.Genome-wide expression profiles of the phytopathogenic actinomycete Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (Cmm) strain NCPPB382 were analyzed using a 70mer oligonucleotide microarray. Cmm causes bacterial wilt and canker of tomato, a systemic disease leading to substantial economic losses worldwide. Global gene expression was monitored in vitro after long-and short-term incubation with tomato homogenate to simulate conditions in planta and in vivo ten days after inoculation of tomatoes. Surprisingly, both in the presence of tomato homogenate and in planta known virulence genes (celA, chpC, ppaA/C) were down-regulated indicating that the encoded extracellular enzymes are dispensable in late infection stages where plant tissue has already been heavily destroyed. In contrast, some genes of the tomA-region which are involved in sugar metabolism showed an enhanced RNA-level after permanent growth in supplemented medium. Therefore, these genes may be important for utilization of plant derived nutrients. In the plant Cmm exhibited an expression profile completely different from that in vitro. Especially, the strong expression of genes of the wco-cluster (extracellular polysaccharide II), 10 genes encoding surface or pilus assembly proteins, and CMM_2382, coding for a putative perforin suggest a possible role of these genes in the plant-pathogenic interaction. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

    Complementary Contribution of CD4 and CD8 T Lymphocytes to T-Cell Infiltration of the Intact and the Degenerative Spinal Cord

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    The central role of T cells in inflammatory reactions of the central nervous system (CNS) is well documented. However, there is little information about the few T cells found within the noninflamed CNS. In particular, the contribution of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells to the lymphocyte pool infiltrating the intact CNS, the location of these cells in CNS white and gray matter, and changes in the cellular composition of T-cell infiltrates coinciding with degeneration are primarily undefined. To address these points, we studied T cells in the intact and degenerative rat spinal cord. In the intact spinal cord, T cells were preferentially located within the gray matter. CD8(+) T cells were more numerous than CD4(+) lymphocytes. In cases of neuroaxonal degeneration or myelin degeneration/oligodendrocyte death, T cells were predominantly seen in areas of degeneration and were present in increased numbers. These effects were more pronounced for the CD4(+) than for the CD8(+) T-cell subset. Collectively, these data provide evidence for a clear cellular and compartmental bias in T-cell infiltration of the intact and degenerative spinal cord. This could indicate that CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells might fulfill complementary roles in the intact and the diseased organ

    NanI sialidase contributes to toxin expression and host cell binding of Clostridium perfringens type G strain CP56 in vitro

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    Necrotic enteritis, caused by NetB producing Clostridium perfringens type G strains, is a globally important poultry disease. An initial step in the pathogenesis of necrotic enteritis is the colonization and degradation of the intestinal mucus layer, a process in which C. perfringens sialidases - such as NanI sialidase - may play an important role. Sialidases cleave terminal sialic acid from complex carbohydrates on glycoconjugates, such as mucins. This study shows that NE-associated C. perfringens strain CP56 is able to use sialic acid (Neu5Ac) as a carbon source for bacterial growth. It is shown that supplementation of Neu5Ac in the growth medium does not only induce the production of extracellular sialidases of strain CP56, but also increases the production of both alpha toxin and NetB toxin. Moreover, it was found that pre-treating avian hepatocellular carcinoma cells (LMH cells) with the recombinant NanI sialidase increases the adherence of C. perfringens type G strain CP56 to these cells. As such, the data suggest an important role for sialidases in the pathogenesis of the disease
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