Integrated Disaster Risk Management (IDRM): Elements to Advance Its Study and Assessment

This study analyzed the international key literature on integrated disaster risk management (IDRM), considering it a dynamic sociocultural process subjected to the historical process of social formation, offering a closer look at the concept while exploring conceptual elements and ideas to advance IDRM in both national and international contexts. Methodologically, the study adopted a literature review strategy, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) approach, combined with qualitative content analysis. This article examines the history of IDRM, discusses current challenges for implementation, looks at some experiences, and proposes avenues for further research. Some findings point out the lack of an overarching IDRM approach, which is characterized by a rather disperse set of ideas and experiences concerning what IDRM is and how it should be operationalized, thereby revealing the need for a more comprehensive theory and methodologies to further advance it. Other findings highlight that IDRM encompasses different kinds and levels of “integrations” that go from internal (that is, disaster risk reduction and management domains) to external (that is, all societal processes such as sustainable development), including temporal and spatial integrations. Hence, we are talking about a multidimensional integration of disaster risk management. In this regard, the article proposes four dimensions for integration: sectoral, spatial/hierarchical, temporal, and externally with other cross-cutting societal challenges, especially climate change and sustainable development. These dimensions cover 29 ideas for indicators or “proto-indicators” to guide the discussion, exploration, and analysis of IDRM in specific contexts

Ergebnisse einer Bevölkerungsbefragung

Seit Ende März 2020 führt die Katastrophenforschungsstelle (KFS) in regelmäßigen Abständen aufeinander aufbauende deutschlandweite Bevölkerungsbefragungen zur Wahrnehmung der durch den SARS-CoV-2-Erreger verursachten Infektionskrankheit COVID-19 in Deutschland durch. Im Fokus der dritten Befragungswelle im Juli und August 2020 standen, neben den Ängsten und Sorgen, Schwierigkeiten und Bewältigungskapzitäten der Befragten. Zusätzlich wurde erhoben, wie die Menschen sich nach eigenen Angaben verhielten, wie sie verschiedene Maßnahmen zur Eindämmung des Virus beurteilten, wie sehr sie verschiedenen Akteur*innen vertrauten und wie sie die gesamtgesellschaftlichen Bewältigungskompetenzen einschätzten. Neben standardisierten Fragen wurde eine Vielzahl an offenen Fragen eingespeist, um die quantitativen Daten zu qualifizieren und einen vertieften Einblick in die Sorgen und Wahrnehmungen der Menschen zu gewinnen. Des Weiteren wurden Fragen zum Urlaubsreiseverhalten und dem Umgang mit Informationen gestellt.Since the end of March 2020, the Disaster Research Unit (DRU) has been regulary conducting Germany-wide population surveys on the perception of the infectious disease COVID-19 caused by the SARS-CoV-2 pathogen in Germany. The third survey round in July and August 2020 focused on the respondents' fears and concerns as well as their challenges and coping capacities. Furthermore, the survey asked how people said they behaved, how they evaluated various measures to contain the virus, how much they trusted various actors, and how they assessed society's overall coping abilities. In addition to standardized questions, a large number of open-ended questions were included to qualify the quantitative data and to gain a deeper insight into people's concerns and perceptions. The survey also included questions about vacation travel plans and information usage

Left ventricular support adjustment to aortic valve opening with analysis of exercise capacity

Background LVAD speed adjustment according to a functioning aortic valve has hypothetic advantages but could lead to submaximal support. The consequences of an open aortic valve policy on exercise capacity and hemodynamics have not yet been investigated systematically. Methods Ambulatory patients under LVAD support (INCOR®, Berlin Heart, mean support time 465 ± 257 days, average flow 4.0 ± 0.3 L/min) adjusted to maintain a near normal aortic valve function underwent maximal cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) and right heart catheterization (RHC) at rest and during constant work rate exercise (20 Watt). Results Although patients (n = 8, mean age 45 ± 13 years) were in NYHA class 2, maximum work-load and peak oxygen uptake on CPET were markedly reduced with 69 ± 13 Watts (35% predicted) and 12 ± 2 mL/min/kg (38% predicted), respectively. All patients showed a typical cardiac limitation pattern and severe ventilatory inefficiency with a slope of ventilation to carbon dioxide output of 42 ± 12. On RHC, patients showed an exercise-induced increase of mean pulmonary artery pressure (from 16 ± 2.4 to 27 ± 2.8 mmHg, p < 0.001), pulmonary artery wedge pressure (from 9 ± 3.3 to 17 ± 5.3 mmHg, p = 0.01), and cardiac output (from 4.7 ± 0.5 to 6.2 ± 1.0 L/min, p = 0.008) with a corresponding slight increase of pulmonary vascular resistance (from 117 ± 35.4 to 125 ± 35.1 dyn*sec*cm−5, p = 0.58) and a decrease of mixed venous oxygen saturation (from 58 ± 6 to 32 ± 9%, p < 0.001). Conclusion An open aortic valve strategy leads to impaired exercise capacity and hemodynamics, which is not reflected by NYHA-class. Unknown compensatory mechanisms can be suspected. Further studies comparing higher vs. lower support are needed for optimization of LVAD adjustment strategies

Conformational flexibility of RNA polymerase III during transcriptional elongation

RNA polymerase (Pol) III is responsible for the transcription of genes encoding small RNAs, including tRNA, 5S rRNA and U6 RNA. Here, we report the electron cryomicroscopy structures of yeast Pol III at 9.9 Å resolution and its elongation complex at 16.5 Å resolution. Particle sub-classification reveals prominent EM densities for the two Pol III-specific subcomplexes, C31/C82/C34 and C37/C53, that can be interpreted using homology models. While the winged-helix-containing C31/C82/C34 subcomplex initiates transcription from one side of the DNA-binding cleft, the C37/C53 subcomplex accesses the transcription bubble from the opposite side of this cleft. The transcribing Pol III enzyme structure not only shows the complete incoming DNA duplex, but also reveals the exit path of newly synthesized RNA. During transcriptional elongation, the Pol III-specific subcomplexes tightly enclose the incoming DNA duplex, which likely increases processivity and provides structural insights into the conformational switch between Pol III-mediated initiation and elongation

Enhanced Cardiac CaMKII Oxidation and CaMKII-Dependent SR Ca Leak in Patients with Sleep-Disordered Breathing

Background: Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) is associated with increased oxidant generation. Oxidized Ca/calmodulin kinase II (CaMKII) can contribute to atrial arrhythmias by the stimulation of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca release events, i.e., Ca sparks. Methods: We prospectively enrolled 39 patients undergoing cardiac surgery to screen for SDB and collected right atrial appendage biopsies. Results: SDB was diagnosed in 14 patients (36%). SDB patients had significantly increased levels of oxidized and activated CaMKII (assessed by Western blotting/specific pulldown). Moreover, SDB patients showed a significant increase in Ca spark frequency (CaSpF measured by confocal microscopy) compared with control subjects. CaSpF was 3.58 ± 0.75 (SDB) vs. 2.49 ± 0.84 (no SDB) 1/100 µm−1s−1 (p < 0.05). In linear multivariable regression models, SDB severity was independently associated with increased CaSpF (B [95%CI]: 0.05 [0.03; 0.07], p < 0.001) after adjusting for important comorbidities. Interestingly, 30 min exposure to the CaMKII inhibitor autocamtide-2 related autoinhibitory peptide normalized the increased CaSpF and eliminated the association between SDB and CaSpF (B [95%CI]: 0.01 [−0.1; 0.03], p = 0.387). Conclusions: Patients with SDB have increased CaMKII oxidation/activation and increased CaMKII-dependent CaSpF in the atrial myocardium, independent of major clinical confounders, which may be a novel target for treatment of atrial arrhythmias in SDB

Influence of hydroxy-methylglutharyl-coA-reductase-inhibitor atorvastatine on chronic renal allograft rejection in rats

Tierexperimentelle Untersuchung bezüglich chronische Transplantatnephropathie beziehungsweise deren fragliche Verminderung durch Gabe des Hydroxy-Methylglutharyl-Coenzym-A-Inhibitors Atorvastatin nach Nierentransplantation bei Ratten(Fisher344/Lewis); Vergleich von drei Versuchsgruppen-jeweils acht Versuchstiere-bezüglich Gewicht, Diuresevolumen, Serum-Kreatinin, Serum-Harnstoff, Kreatinin-Clearance und Proteinurie nach 30, 60, 90 und 120 Tagen Versuchslaufzeit; akute/chronische Abstoßungsreaktion, antigen-abhängige/-unabhängige Faktoren, direkte/indirekte T-Lymphozyten-Aktivierung und Kostimulation durch Zelloberflächen-Proteine, mikrochirurgischer Eingriff der Nierentranplantation bei Ratten.Study about chronic renal allograft rejection and attenuation by hydroxy-methylglutharyl-coA-inhibitor atorvastatine in rats (fisher344/lewis). comparing of three study groups-eight animals each group-in weight, diuresis volume, creatinine, urea, creatinine-clearance and proteinuria 30, 60, 90 and 120 days after surgery. acute/chronic allograft rejection, immunologic/non-immunologic factors, mediate/immediate T-cell-activation and co-stimulation by cell surface proteins, microsurgical kidney transplantation in rats