Caracterização de plantas de cobertura por RMN : impactos nos teores de carbono, nitrogênio e fósforo sob sistemas de manejo

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da composição química de plantas de cobertura por RMN de 13C CPMAS no estado sólido sobre os estoques de C e N, bem como, razões C/N e C/P em Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo sob preparo convencional e sistema plantio direto. Amostras de tecidos das plantas de cobertura Crotalaria juncea, Canavalia brasiliensis, Mucuna pruriens, e Raphanus sativus foram analisadas por RMN de 13C CPMAS no estado sólido. Amostras de solo para caracterização dos teores de C, N e P foram coletadas em duas épocas e nas camadas de 0-5 e 5-10 cm. A espécie Mucuna pruriens apresentou maiores concentrações de carbono do grupo de compostos aromáticos no tecido vegetal, refletindo uma menor decomposição desse material lignificado. Os estoques de carbono foram mais elevados na camada superficial no sistema plantio direto. Os incrementos da razão C/N no solo cultivado com Mucuna pruriens, na estação seca, resultaram da decomposição mais lenta dos resíduos vegetais que apresentaram maior concentração de compostos recalcitrantes (aromáticos) no tecido vegetal. A decomposição mais lenta do resíduo de Mucuna pruriens, principalmente, pela composição química com menor proporção de polissacarídeos em relação aos compostos aromáticos, também pode ter resultado nos valores de C/P mais elevados encontrados no solo cultivado com essa leguminosa. Os maiores valores de C/P na camada de 0-5 cm devem-se aos maiores teores de P (Mehlich-1) na camada de 5-10 cm (25 mg kg-1) e também à maior concentração de C na superfície do solo pelo acúmulo dos resíduos vegetais.The objective of this study was to investigate the chemical composition of cover crops by solid-state CPMAS 13C NMR spectroscopy and its effects on carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in a Typic Acrustox. Cover crops (Crotalaria juncea, Canavalia brasiliensis, Cajanus cajan, Mucuna pruriens and Raphanus sativus) and natural fallow were studied in rotation with maize under conventional and no-tillage regimes. Tissues of Crotalaria juncea, Canavalia brasiliensis, Mucuna pruriens and Raphanus sativus were analyzed using CPMAS 13C NMR spectroscopy. Soil samples were collected at the end of the growing season of the cover crops (September 2002) and during the grain filling period in corn from 0-5 and 5-10 cm layers. Cajanus cajan presented the lowest content of polysaccharides and along with Mucuna pruriens presented the highest percentage of aromatic carbon compounds, reflecting the slow decomposition of highly lignified material. Carbon stocks were higher in the superficial soil layer and under no-tillage due to the accumulation and slower decomposition of plant tissues under these conditions. Increases in the C/N ratio of the soil with Mucuna pruriens and the C/P ratio with Cajanus cajan in the dry season were also related to slower rates of decomposition, caused by the large concentration of aromatic compounds in the tissues of these species. The higher C/P ratios found at 0-5 cm layer are due to higher values of P (Mehlich-1) at 5-10 cm (25 mg kg-1) layer and the higher concentration of carbon in the superficial soil layer as a result of the accumulation of plant residues

Assessment of risk scores to predict mortality of COVID-19 patients admitted to the intensive care unit

ObjectivesTo assess the ABC2-SPH score in predicting COVID-19 in-hospital mortality, during intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and to compare its performance with other scores (SOFA, SAPS-3, NEWS2, 4C Mortality Score, SOARS, CURB-65, modified CHA2DS2-VASc, and a novel severity score).Materials and methodsConsecutive patients (≥ 18 years) with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 admitted to ICUs of 25 hospitals, located in 17 Brazilian cities, from October 2020 to March 2022, were included. Overall performance of the scores was evaluated using the Brier score. ABC2-SPH was used as the reference score, and comparisons between ABC2-SPH and the other scores were performed by using the Bonferroni method of correction. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality.ResultsABC2-SPH had an area under the curve of 0.716 (95% CI 0.693–0.738), significantly higher than CURB-65, SOFA, NEWS2, SOARS, and modified CHA2DS2-VASc scores. There was no statistically significant difference between ABC2-SPH and SAPS-3, 4C Mortality Score, and the novel severity score.ConclusionABC2-SPH was superior to other risk scores, but it still did not demonstrate an excellent predictive ability for mortality in critically ill COVID-19 patients. Our results indicate the need to develop a new score, for this subset of patients

Effect of management systems and cover crops on organic matter dynamics of soil under vegetables

Vegetable production in conservation tillage has increased in Brazil, with positive effects on the soil quality. Since management systems alter the quantity and quality of organic matter, this study evaluated the influence of different management systems and cover crops on the organic matter dynamics of a dystrophic Red Latosol under vegetables. The treatments consisted of the combination of three soil tillage systems: no-tillage (NT), reduced tillage (RT) and conventional tillage (CT) and of two cover crops: maize monoculture and maize-mucuna intercrop. Vegetables were grown in the winter and the cover crops in the summer for straw production. The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design with four replications. Soil samples were collected between the crop rows in three layers (0.0-0.05, 0.05-0.10, and 0.10-0.30 m) twice: in October, before planting cover crops for straw, and in July, during vegetable cultivation. The total organic carbon (TOC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), oxidizable fractions, and the carbon fractions fulvic acid (C FA), humic acid (C HA) and humin (C HUM) were determined. The main changes in these properties occurred in the upper layers (0.0-0.05 and 0.05-0.10 m) where, in general, TOC levels were highest in NT with maize straw. The MBC levels were lowest in CT systems, indicating sensitivity to soil disturbance. Under mucuna, the levels of C HA were lower in RT than NT systems, while the C FA levels were lower in RT than CT. For vegetable production, the C HUM values were lowest in the 0.05-0.10 m layer under CT. With regard to the oxidizable fractions, the tillage systems differed only in the most labile C fractions, with higher levels in NT than CT in the 0.0-0.05 m layer in both summer and winter, with no differences between these systems in the other layers. The cabbage yield was not influenced by the soil management system, but benefited from the mulch production of the preceding maize-mucuna intercrop as cover plant

Adubação verde na recuperação da fertilidade de um Latossolo Vermelho-Escuro degradado

O experimento foi conduzido na Fazenda Experimental Nova Baden, da Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária de Minas Gerais (EPAMIG), em Lambari, MG, objetivando avaliar o desempenho dos adubos verdes guandu (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) e crotalária-júncea (Crotalaria juncea L.), com e sem incorporação da biomassa, na recuperação da fertilidade de um solo (Latossolo Vermelho-Escuro distrófico) degradado, cultivado com braquiária (Brachiaria decumbens Stapf.). Empregou-se o delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial de parcelas subdivididas, com três repetições, colocando-se nas parcelas o manejo da biomassa, e nas subparcelas, as leguminosas e a braquiária. As três culturas foram manejadas na fase final de florescimento das leguminosas, quando se fizeram amostragens de biomassa para determinação de produção de matéria seca, concentração e conteúdo de nutrientes. Realizaram-se avaliações de amostras de solo em três épocas (90, 120 e 150 dias após o manejo) e seis profundidades (0-5, 5-10, 10-20, 20-40, 40-60 e 60-80 cm). O guandu se destacou na primeira avaliação quanto às melhorias na fertilidade do solo, e a crotalária-júncea, de mineralização mais lenta, na segunda. Na terceira avaliação, não foram encontrados benefícios dos adubos verdes nas propriedades químicas do solo

Characterization of cover crops by NMR spectroscopy: impacts on soil carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus under tillage regimes

The objective of this study was to investigate the chemical composition of cover crops by solid-state CPMAS 13C NMR spectroscopy and its effects on carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in a Typic Acrustox. Cover crops (Crotalaria juncea, Canavalia brasiliensis, Cajanus cajan, Mucuna pruriens and Raphanus sativus) and natural fallow were studied in rotation with maize under conventional and no-tillage regimes. Tissues of Crotalaria juncea, Canavalia brasiliensis, Mucuna pruriens and Raphanus sativus were analyzed using CPMAS 13C NMR spectroscopy. Soil samples were collected at the end of the growing season of the cover crops (September 2002) and during the grain filling period in corn from 0-5 and 5-10 cm layers. Cajanus cajan presented the lowest content of polysaccharides and along with Mucuna pruriens presented the highest percentage of aromatic carbon compounds, reflecting the slow decomposition of highly lignified material. Carbon stocks were higher in the superficial soil layer and under no-tillage due to the accumulation and slower decomposition of plant tissues under these conditions. Increases in the C/N ratio of the soil with Mucuna pruriens and the C/P ratio with Cajanus cajan in the dry season were also related to slower rates of decomposition, caused by the large concentration of aromatic compounds in the tissues of these species. The higher C/P ratios found at 0-5 cm layer are due to higher values of P (Mehlich-1) at 5-10 cm (25 mg kg-1) layer and the higher concentration of carbon in the superficial soil layer as a result of the accumulation of plant residues

Table_3_Assessment of risk scores to predict mortality of COVID-19 patients admitted to the intensive care unit.docx

ObjectivesTo assess the ABC2-SPH score in predicting COVID-19 in-hospital mortality, during intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and to compare its performance with other scores (SOFA, SAPS-3, NEWS2, 4C Mortality Score, SOARS, CURB-65, modified CHA2DS2-VASc, and a novel severity score).Materials and methodsConsecutive patients (≥ 18 years) with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 admitted to ICUs of 25 hospitals, located in 17 Brazilian cities, from October 2020 to March 2022, were included. Overall performance of the scores was evaluated using the Brier score. ABC2-SPH was used as the reference score, and comparisons between ABC2-SPH and the other scores were performed by using the Bonferroni method of correction. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality.ResultsABC2-SPH had an area under the curve of 0.716 (95% CI 0.693–0.738), significantly higher than CURB-65, SOFA, NEWS2, SOARS, and modified CHA2DS2-VASc scores. There was no statistically significant difference between ABC2-SPH and SAPS-3, 4C Mortality Score, and the novel severity score.ConclusionABC2-SPH was superior to other risk scores, but it still did not demonstrate an excellent predictive ability for mortality in critically ill COVID-19 patients. Our results indicate the need to develop a new score, for this subset of patients.</p