An Assessment of CO2 Storage and Sea‐Air Fluxes for the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea Between 1985 and 2018

As part of the second phase of the Regional Carbon Cycle Assessment and Processes project (RECCAP2), we present an assessment of the carbon cycle of the Atlantic Ocean, including the Mediterranean Sea, between 1985 and 2018 using global ocean biogeochemical models (GOBMs) and estimates based on surface ocean carbon dioxide (CO2) partial pressure (pCO2 products) and ocean interior dissolved inorganic carbon observations. Estimates of the basin-wide long-term mean net annual CO2 uptake based on GOBMs and pCO2 products are in reasonable agreement (−0.47 ± 0.15 PgC yr−1 and −0.36 ± 0.06 PgC yr−1, respectively), with the higher uptake in the GOBM-based estimates likely being a consequence of a deficit in the representation of natural outgassing of land derived carbon. In the GOBMs, the CO2 uptake increases with time at rates close to what one would expect from the atmospheric CO2 increase, but pCO2 products estimate a rate twice as fast. The largest disagreement in the CO2 flux between GOBMs and pCO2 products is found north of 50°N, coinciding with the largest disagreement in the seasonal cycle and interannual variability. The mean accumulation rate of anthropogenic CO2 (Cant) over 1994–2007 in the Atlantic Ocean is 0.52 ± 0.11 PgC yr−1 according to the GOBMs, 28% ± 20% lower than that derived from observations. Around 70% of this Cant is taken up from the atmosphere, while the remainder is imported from the Southern Ocean through lateral transport

Gender differences in the plasma concentration of the GAS6-TAM system in COVID-19 patients

Resumen del trabajo presentado en el 4th European Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis, celebrado en Gante (Bélgica), los días 14 y 15 de octubre de 2021Background: SARS-CoV-2 induces an immune response with potentially harmful effects for the patient due to an uncontrolled release of inflammatory factors, specially at the capillary wall. The vitamin K-dependent plasma protein GAS6 and the TAM (TYRO3, AXL, and MERTK) receptors play a relevant role among restorative mechanisms that counterbalance pro-inflammatory responses at the endothelial interface. Aims: To study the influence of gender on the effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the GAS6/TAM system, as reflected by plasma concentration at patient admittance at the emergency ward. Methods: The plasma content of GAS6, AXL, and MERTK was analyzed in a first group of 132 patients, 68 females and 64 males consecutively admitted to the emergency ward during the first peak of COVID-19. A confirmatory group was studied from the second wave of contagions. An analysis of gender differences in relation to the GAS6/TAM concentrations in plasma was performed on this population. Results: In accordance with recently published GAS6 levels, significantly higher in the SARS-CoV-2 positive than in negative patients, increased progressively with the severity of the disease in SARS-CoV-2 positive individual irrespective of the gender of the patient. In contrast, while soluble AXL exhibited higher plasma concentration in deceased patients and no significant differences were observed in MERTK concentration, differential gender analysis suggest differences in soluble TAM receptors. While a COVID-19 related increase in sAXL was observed in men, this was not the case in women. Oppositely, MERTK differences due to COVID-19 infection were only significant in women. Summary/Conclusion: GAS6-TAM system of ligands and receptors is implicated in the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 in patients from both genders. Plasma GAS6 levels paralleled COVID-19 severity being an early marker of disease prognosis in both sexes. In contrast, soluble TAM receptors presented a gender-specific behavior. Sex-related differences in sAXL and sMERTK expression in COVID-19 patients could affect therapy efficacy deserving further investigation

North Atlantic CO2 sink variability revealed by the Go-Ship A25-OVIDE section

EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022.-- This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 LicenseAbout 30% of the carbon dioxide derived from human activities (CANTH) has been absorbed by the ocean (DeVries, 2014; Gruber et al., 2019; Friedlingstein et al., 2021), with the North Atlantic (NA) being one of the largest CANTH sinks per unit area (Khatiwala et al., 2013; Sabine et al., 2004). In the NA, oceanic CANTH uptake strongly relies on the meridional overturning circulation and the associated regional winter deep convection. In fact, the formation and deep spreading of Labrador Sea Water stands as a critical CANTH gateway to intermediate and abyssal depths. The NA CANTH uptake has fluctuated over the years according to changes in the North Atlantic Oscillation. Biennial observation of the marine carbonate system along the Go-Ship A25-OVIDE section has allowed us assessing the decadal and interannual variability of the CANTH storage in the subpolarNA from 2002 to 2021. In this study, we investigate 1) the trend of CANTH and 2) the relationship between the CANTH saturation, the apparent oxygen utilization, and the ventilation of the water masses between the A25-OVIDE section and the Greenland-Iceland-Scotland sills during 2002-2021. We divided the A25-OVIDE section into three main basins (Irminger, Iceland, and Eastern NA). Our results show that the Irminger Basin presents a more homogenous CANTH profile and higher CANTH saturation values at depth than the other two basins, which is related to the pronounced convective activity in the Irminger Basin. In contrast, the Eastern NA Basin has higher CANTH values at the surface due to its higher surface temperature, but its deep water masses show the lowest CANTH values since they are the less ventilated in the section. Our analysis also reveals that, overall, the NA CANTH storage has increased during 2002-2021, but varied according to the ventilation changes. While the Eastern NA water masses experienced a relatively constant, although shallower, average ventilation, the Irminger and Iceland Basins underwent a less steady CANTH uptake pattern characterized by alternating periods of strong and weak CANTH storageN

FICARAM-15 Cruise Report 20th March – 22nd May 2013 on board BIO Hespérides by the Group FICARAM

54 páginas, 19 figuras, 3 anexosThe FICARAM-15 is the fifteenth repetition of a section conducted in 1994. This section is part of the international program GOSHIP (http://www.go-ship.org/CruisePlans.html) to develop a globally coordinated network of sustained hydrographic sections as part of the global ocean/climate observing system. The objective of the FICARAM-15 cruise is to investigate the temporal evolution of the anthropogenic carbon and evaluate the CO2 absorption capacity of the South Atlantic region, the Equatorial zone, and the subtropical region of Azores-Gibraltar in the North Atlantic. This cruise is supported by the CATARINA project funded by the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (CTM2010-17141) and is part of the European Union FP7 project CARBOCHANGE (http://carbochange.b.uib.no/). The objective of FICARAM-15 cruise is framed in the CATARINA project conducted by the tasks I.2.1 (air-sea CO2 exchange) I.3 (ventilation of water masses), I.4.1 (zonal variability of N2O and CH4), I.4.2 (anthropogenic carbon storage), I.4.4 (saturation horizon of calcium carbonate along the section) and I.5.4 (evolution of the acidification rates). Another component of the FICARAM-15 cruise aims to examine the biological and biogeochemical mechanisms that hinder total dissolved organic carbon (DOC) remineralisation in marine systems, taking a multidisciplinary perspective and applying many different approaches. This is the global objective of the Spanish project DOREMI (CTM2012-34294) that joins this FICARAM-15 cruise.During the FICARAM cruise the physical oceanography group was responsible for collecting the following data sets: CTD and XBT data; vessel-mounted ADCP and lowered ADCP; continuous thermosalinograph. Physical oceanographers participated in the cruise financed through Project “Tipping Corners in the Meridional Overturning Circulation” (TIC-MOC), CTM2011-28867. The FICARAM-15 cruise was organized in two phases with a common sampling. LEG 1: From Punta Arenas (Chile) to Recife (Brazil): 62 stations. Chief Scientist: Aida F. Ríos, PI of CATARINA project LEG 2: From Recife (Brazil) to Cartagena (Spain): 46 stations Chief Scientist: Celia Marrasé, PI of DOREMI project This report contains the sampling of all the variables at each station along the FICARAM section, as well as the analysis of the biogeochemical variables and the preliminary results. The principal investigator of the DOREMI project produced another report with the common sampling section, showing the analysis and results of the experiments on dissolved organic matter carried out on board.This cruise is supported by the CATARINA project funded by the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (CTM2010-17141) and is part of the European Union FP7 project CARBOCHANGE (http://carbochange.b.uib.no/)Peer reviewe

An Assessment of CO2 Storage and Sea‐Air Fluxes for the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea Between 1985 and 2018

31 pages, 8 figures, 1 table.-- This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution‐NonCommercial LicenseAs part of the second phase of the Regional Carbon Cycle Assessment and Processes project (RECCAP2), we present an assessment of the carbon cycle of the Atlantic Ocean, including the Mediterranean Sea, between 1985 and 2018 using global ocean biogeochemical models (GOBMs) and estimates based on surface ocean carbon dioxide (CO2) partial pressure (pCO2 products) and ocean interior dissolved inorganic carbon observations. Estimates of the basin-wide long-term mean net annual CO2 uptake based on GOBMs and pCO2 products are in reasonable agreement (−0.47 ± 0.15 PgC yr−1 and −0.36 ± 0.06 PgC yr−1, respectively), with the higher uptake in the GOBM-based estimates likely being a consequence of a deficit in the representation of natural outgassing of land derived carbon. In the GOBMs, the CO2 uptake increases with time at rates close to what one would expect from the atmospheric CO2 increase, but pCO2 products estimate a rate twice as fast. The largest disagreement in the CO2 flux between GOBMs and pCO2 products is found north of 50°N, coinciding with the largest disagreement in the seasonal cycle and interannual variability. The mean accumulation rate of anthropogenic CO2 (Cant) over 1994–2007 in the Atlantic Ocean is 0.52 ± 0.11 PgC yr−1 according to the GOBMs, 28% ± 20% lower than that derived from observations. Around 70% of this Cant is taken up from the atmosphere, while the remainder is imported from the Southern Ocean through lateral transportF. F. Pérez and A. Velo were supported by the BOCATS2 (PID2019-104279GB-C21) project funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by European Union under grant agreement no. 101094690 (EuroGO-SHIP), and with E. Huertas contributed to WATER:iOS CSIC PTI. M. Becker acknowledges funding from the Research Council of Norway through N-ICOS-2 (Grant 296012), and Nansen Legacy, Grant 276730. N. Goris was supported by the strategic project DYNASOR (DYnamics of the North Atlantic Surface and Overturning ciRculation) of the Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research. M. López-Mozos was supported by the Grant PRE2020-093138 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by “ESF Investing in your future.” J. Tjiputra acknowledges funding from EU funded H2020 projects TRIATLAS (no. 817578) and OceanICU (no. 101083922). A. Olsen appreciates support from the Research Council of Norway through N-ICOS-2 (Grant 296012), and Horizon Europe through Grant 101083922 (OceanICU Improving Carbon Understanding). J.D. Müller and N. Gruber acknowledge support from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement no. 821003 (project 4C) and no. 820989 (project COMFORT). M. Gehlen acknowledges support from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreements no. 820989 (project COMFORT) and no. 862923 (project AtlantECO), as well as from Horizon Europe through Grant 101083922 (OceanICU). T. Chau and M. Gehlen appreciate funding through the European Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service (CMEMS) Grant 83-CMEMSTAC-MOB. J. Hauck acknowledges funding from the Initiative and Networking Fund of the Helmholtz Association (Helmholtz Young Investigator Group Marine Carbon and Ecosystem feedback in the Earth System [MarESys], Grant VH-NG-1301) and from ERC-2022-STG OceanPeak, Grant agreement 101077209. R. Wanninkof acknowledges funding from the NOAA/OAR Global Ocean Monitoring and Observation Program (GOMO)Peer reviewe

Whole-genome sequencing reveals host factors underlying critical COVID-19

Critical COVID-19 is caused by immune-mediated inflammatory lung injury. Host genetic variation influences the development of illness requiring critical care1 or hospitalization2,3,4 after infection with SARS-CoV-2. The GenOMICC (Genetics of Mortality in Critical Care) study enables the comparison of genomes from individuals who are critically ill with those of population controls to find underlying disease mechanisms. Here we use whole-genome sequencing in 7,491 critically ill individuals compared with 48,400 controls to discover and replicate 23 independent variants that significantly predispose to critical COVID-19. We identify 16 new independent associations, including variants within genes that are involved in interferon signalling (IL10RB and PLSCR1), leucocyte differentiation (BCL11A) and blood-type antigen secretor status (FUT2). Using transcriptome-wide association and colocalization to infer the effect of gene expression on disease severity, we find evidence that implicates multiple genes—including reduced expression of a membrane flippase (ATP11A), and increased expression of a mucin (MUC1)—in critical disease. Mendelian randomization provides evidence in support of causal roles for myeloid cell adhesion molecules (SELE, ICAM5 and CD209) and the coagulation factor F8, all of which are potentially druggable targets. Our results are broadly consistent with a multi-component model of COVID-19 pathophysiology, in which at least two distinct mechanisms can predispose to life-threatening disease: failure to control viral replication; or an enhanced tendency towards pulmonary inflammation and intravascular coagulation. We show that comparison between cases of critical illness and population controls is highly efficient for the detection of therapeutically relevant mechanisms of disease

A first update on mapping the human genetic architecture of COVID-19

peer reviewe

A new approach for estimating anthropogenic carbon relying on an observational back-calculation method

EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 24–28 April 2023.-- This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 LicenseAround 31% of carbon dioxide derived from human activities (Canth) has been absorbed by the ocean (DeVries, 2014; Gruber et al., 2019; Sabine et al., 2004). This accumulation helps to mitigate atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), but in turn leads to severe consequences on marine systems (IGBP, IOC, SCOR, 2013). Both components of CO2, i.e. anthropogenic and natural, present high variability and uncertainties difficult to observe and quantify. In particular, the Canth signal represents a small fraction of the total dissolved inorganic carbon pool (CT) and it is not directly distinguishable from the natural component, resulting in the emergence of back-calculation techniques (Brewer 1978; Chen and Millero, 1979) to derive it indirectly. Over the years, back-calculation techniques have undergone remarkable improvements (Gruber et al., 1996; Sabine et al., 2004; Touratier et al., 2004, 2007; Vázquez-Rodríguez et al., 2009a, 2009b, 2012), resulting in different methods for estimating Canth that, despite providing helpful and advanced results, show various biases and limitations. Here, we present a new approach for estimating Canth that relies on a back-calculation methodology, purely based on carbon data, and provides results that show good agreement with previous global Canth climatologies. Our approach mainly differs from previous methodologies by pioneering using the transport matrix output from a data‐assimilating ocean circulation inverse model (TMI: Total Matrix Intercomparison; Gebbie and Huybers, 2010) to obtain preformed properties, instead of the historical use of Optimum Multiparameter analysis (OMP). This improvement prevents from the need to use (sub)surface-property linear regressions to estimate preformed alkalinity or air-sea CO2 disequilibrium, and allows introducing different corrections for denitrification and, as a novelty, oxygen disequilibriumN

Variability of the AMOC and water mass properties at the GO-SHIP OVIDE section over 2002-2018

EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022.-- This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 LicenseThe OVIDE section, composed of a hundred top-to-bottom stations from Portugal to Greenland, has been visited biennially since 2002. Collected data show a strong variability of both the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) and of the water mass properties. The OVIDE-AMOC timeseries built upon the Argo array and altimetry has been updated and validated with the in-situ cruise estimates. It shows a strong seasonal variability and, on longer time scales, significant transition in 2014, from moderate (19 Sv) to strong (23 Sv) amplitude, along with the development of a fresh and cold anomaly in the upper 800m over the eastern subpolar Atlantic, discussed in the literature and observed at the OVIDE section. Through a composite analysis of both transport and property data, we compare the 2002-2012 OVIDE average with the 2014-2018 average and analyze the evolutions of the transports of the different water masses with special attention to LSW, which has been largely renewed since 2014 through deep convection in the western subpolar gyreN

Reactivation of the subpolar North Atlantic CO2 sink revealed by the GO-SHIP A25-OVIDE section

Oceans Sciences Meeting, 28 February-4 March 2022, virtual eventDespite covering only 15% of the global oceanic area, the North Atlantic (NA) accumulates one of the highest contents of anthropogenic CO2 (CANTH) in the ocean, storing 23% of the oceanic CANTH (Sabine et al., 2004). In terms of CANTH increase, large regions of the NA recorded average rates of 1.2 ± 0.1 mol m-2 yr-1 during 1994-2007, doubling the global oceanic rate of CANTH increase of 0.65 ± 0.08 mol m-2 yr-1 (Gruber et al., 2019). In the NA, high CANTH concentrations penetrate to mid and abyssal depths as a result of the formation and deep spreading of Labrador Sea Water. These processes are linked to the meridional overturning circulation and winter convection occurring in the NA subpolar gyre. Differences in CANTH storage rates have been observed between different phases of the NA Oscillation (NAO), attributed to both changes in CANTH concentration and decreases in volumetric water mass census (Fröb et al., 2018). There has been a 50% slowdown in the rate of CANTH increase in the NA subpolar gyre between 1994 and 2007, coinciding with a period of low NAO. Biennial observation of the marine carbonate system along the GOSHIP A25-OVIDE section has allowed assessing the long-term and interannual variability of the CANTH storage in the subpolar NA from 2002 to 2018. In this research, we determined the increases of CANTH in the water masses present between the OVIDE section and the Nordic sills. The average accumulation rate CANTH in the water column between the A25-OVIDE section and the sills was 0.90 ± 0.08 mol m-2 yr-1 (0.041 ± 0.003 Pg-C yr-1) for 2002-2021, being 61% higher than the 0.54 ± 0.06 mol m-2 yr-1 observed for 1997-2006 (low NAO). The increase in the CANTH accumulation rate during 2002-2021 is mainly found in the Irminger and Iceland basins and is mainly associated with the period of high NAO that occurred after 2014. In these two basins, the CANTH accumulation rates during the high NAO double those found during the low NAON