453 research outputs found
Teachers’ Awareness of Making Decisions for their Classrooms
The purpose of this research is to achieve an understanding of the lived experiences of teachers’ awareness of making decisions for their classrooms, by using phenomenological methods involving dialogic interviews and hermeneutic analysis of the resulting texts. Eight early childhood teachers participated in open-ended interviews during which they were asked to describe specific times when they were aware of making decisions for their classrooms. The findings indicated that the teachers in this study were aware of (1) the multiple facets of the process of deciding, (2) the self as decision-maker, and (3) the constraints and possibilities found in individual teaching settings.
The first theme, the multiple facets of the process of deciding, revealed that teachers were aware of the complexities of making decisions even as they were involved in the very acts of decision making. The process was experienced as constant, multi- focused, and multidimensional as well as involving varying levels of conscious awareness, i.e., some decisions were experienced as spontaneous, intuitive, and in the flow, while others were reflected upon and even agonized over. In addition, the teachers experienced decision-making as a recursive and responsive process. In the second theme, the teachers’ awareness of self as decision-maker, the teachers described themselves as confident and with an empowering acceptance of their responsibility to decide as needed. They experienced themselves as acting within a framework bounded by their personal beliefs and values, their knowledge of children, and their perceived pedagogical options. In the third theme, the constraints and possibilities found in their individual teaching settings, the teachers’ described awareness moved to the contexts within which their decisions were made. For some, their settings were experienced as either places of support or unobtrusive backgrounds. For others, the settings were much more figural with rules, mandates, and other people’s actions strongly impacting their decision-making possibilities.
The discussion focused on the impact of these differences and addressed possible implications for teacher preparation programs when mentoring teachers mainly discuss their awareness of personal decision making as it is affected by prescribed mandates and perceived lack of options rather than their use of pedagogical knowledge
Problematizing Prostitution in Law and Policy in the Republic of Ireland: A Case for Reframing
This article attempts to uncover the discursive practices that have framed recent debates on prostitution in the Republic of Ireland. As Ireland prepares to introduce Swedish-style laws, which criminalize the purchase of sexual services, we are particularly interested in interrogating the dominant construction of prostitution in recent policy debates and consultations. Taking these spaces as sites for the reproduction of discursive and material practices, we employ methods of critical discourse analysis through Carole Bacchi's (1999) 'What's the problem represented to be' approach to question: How is prostitution problematized in Irish law and policy? We argue the representation of prostitution in neo-abolitionist discourse in Ireland operates through gendered and racialized assumptions about sex workers and migrant women. The material consequences of this have implications not only for current prostitution law and policy proposals but also for wider feminist spaces in Ireland
Fatores Condicionantes da Implementação da Deteção Precoce e Intervenções Breves no Consumo Excessivo de Álcool nos Cuidados de Saúde Primários: Protocolo de Revisão Sistemática da Literatura
Introduction: Alcohol is a leading risk factor contributing to the global burden of disease. National and international agencies recommend evidence-based screening and brief interventions in primary care settings in order to reduce alcohol consumption. However, the majority of primary care professionals do not routinely deliver such interventions. Objective: To identify factors influencing general practitioners/family physicians' and primary care nurses' routine delivery of alcohol screening and brief intervention in adults. Material and Methods: A systematic literature search will be carried out in the following electronic databases: Medline, CINAHL, CENTRAL, and PsycINFO. Two authors will independently abstract data and assess study quality using the NIH National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute quality assessment tools for quantitative studies, and the CASP checklist for qualitative studies. A narrative synthesis of the findings will be provided, structured around the barriers and facilitators identified. Identified barriers and facilitators will be further analysed using the Behavioural Change Wheel/Theoretical Domains Framework. Discussion: This review will describe the barriers to, and facilitators for, the implementation of alcohol screening and brief interventions by general practitioners/family physicians and nurses at primary care practices. By mapping the barriers and facilitators to the domains of the Behavioural Change Wheel/Theoretical Domains Framework, this review will also provide implementation researchers with a useful tool for selecting promising practitioner-oriented behavioural interventions for improving alcohol screening and brief intervention delivery in primary care. Conclusion: This review will provide important information for implementing alcohol screening and brief intervention in primary health care. Systematic Review Registration: PROSPERO CRD4201605268
Cognitive and Social Change in Young Children during Logo Activities: A Study of Individual Differences
The purpose of the thesis was to evaluate the response of young children who differ in the way they process information when they are placed in Logo environments. The evaluation entailed a preliminary review of the Logo computer language, of reflectivity/impulsivity within the metacognitive domain and of conservation abilities and spatial skills. The role played by computers, particularly when the Logo language was used, in the social interactions of their users was also examined and the focus for each of these was their characteristics in relation to young children. Finally a model for individual differences was selected for use in the study. ... The statistical evidence for significant differences between the Logo and non-Logo groups was strong. The children in the Logo group changed quite dramatically in relation to reflectivity/impulsivity, with there being behavioural observations to support the statistical results that the children had become more reflective. On the other hand, their non-Logo peers had shifted towards higher levels of impulsivity, during the fifteen month period. Even some of the children who at the outset of the study were classified as reflective, had moved away from this. This can be logically accounted for by the age of the subjects, with six year olds being characterized by a style of impulsivity. This therefore makes the movement towards reflectivity by the Logo group, all the more impressive. ... The study also contributes in a unique way to the body of research because of the use of the model of individual differences as a referential framework, which permits a wider, yet more focussed interpretation of the statistical evidence
Overt Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis Infection: An Infrequent Occurrence in Archived Tissue from False TB Reactor Cattle in Michigan, USA
The objective of this study was to retrospectively determine whether or not cattle from the state of Michigan which were classified as bovine tuberculosis reactors, based on currently approved field and laboratory testing methods, were overtly infected with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). Included in this study were 384 adult cattle submitted to the Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health over a seven-year period. Cattle were tested utilizing standard methods to confirm that all cattle were lesion and culture negative for infection with Mycobacterium bovis at postmortem examination. Retrospective analysis of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections of ileum and ileocecal lymph node were evaluated by histopathology, acid-fast staining, and PCR assays to detect MAP. Overall, only 1.04 percent of cattle showed overt infection with MAP on visual examination of sections of ileum and/or ileo-cecal lymph node. This increased slightly to 2.1 percent of cattle likely infected with MAP after additional testing using a PCR assay. Based on these results, we found no evidence that overt infection with MAP plays a major role in the false tuberculosis reactor test results for cattle examined in this study
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Particulate matter and risk of parkinson disease in a large prospective study of women
Background: Exposure to air pollution has been implicated in a number of adverse health outcomes and the effect of particulate matter (PM) on the brain is beginning to be recognized. Yet, no prospective study has examined the association between PM and risk of Parkinson Disease. Thus, our goal was assess if exposure to particulate matter air pollution is related to risk of Parkinson’s disease (PD) in the Nurses’ Health Study (NHS), a large prospective cohort of women. Methods: Cumulative average exposure to different size fractions of PM up to 2 years before the onset of PD, was estimated using a spatio-temporal model by linking each individual’s places of residence throughout the study with location-specific air pollution levels. We prospectively followed 115,767 women in the NHS, identified 508 incident PD cases and used multivariable Cox proportional hazards models to estimate the risk of PD associated with each size fraction of PM independently. Results: In models adjusted for age in months, smoking, region, population density, caffeine and ibuprofen intake, we observed no statistically significant associations between exposure to air pollution and PD risk. The relative risk (RR) comparing the top quartile to the bottom quartile of PM exposure was 0.99 (95% Confidence Intervals (CI): 0.84,1.16) for PM10 (≤10 microns in diameter), 1.08 (95% CI: 0.81, 1.45) for PM2.5 (≤2.5 microns in diameter), and 0.92 (95% CI: 0.71, 1.19) for PM10–2.5 (2.5 to 10 microns in diameter). Conclusions: In this study, we found no evidence that exposure to air pollution is a risk factor for PD
Nurses\u27 Alumnae Association Bulletin - Volume 5 Number 8
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The Blood that Kills
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A Prospective Analysis of Airborne Metal Exposures and Risk of Parkinson Disease in the Nurses’ Health Study Cohort
Background: Exposure to metals has been implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson disease (PD). Objectives: We sought to examine in a large prospective study of female nurses whether exposure to airborne metals was associated with risk of PD. Methods: We linked the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)’s Air Toxics tract-level data with the Nurses’ Health Study, a prospective cohort of female nurses. Over the course of 18 years of follow-up from 1990 through 2008, we identified 425 incident cases of PD. We examined the association of risk of PD with the following metals that were part of the first U.S. EPA collections in 1990, 1996, and 1999: arsenic, antimony, cadmium, chromium, lead, manganese, mercury, and nickel. To estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs, we used the Cox proportional hazards model, adjusting for age, smoking, and population density. Results: In adjusted models, the HR for the highest compared with the lowest quartile of each metal ranged from 0.78 (95% CI: 0.59, 1.04) for chromium to 1.33 (95% CI: 0.98, 1.79) for mercury. Conclusions: Overall, we found limited evidence for the association between adulthood ambient exposure to metals and risk of PD. The results for mercury need to be confirmed in future studies. Citation: Palacios N, Fitzgerald K, Roberts AL, Hart JE, Weisskopf MG, Schwarzschild MA, Ascherio A, Laden F. 2014. A prospective analysis of airborne metal exposures and risk of Parkinson disease in the Nurses’ Health Study Cohort. Environ Health Perspect 122:933–938; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.130721
eHive: An Artificial Intelligence workflow system for genomic analysis
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The Ensembl project produces updates to its comparative genomics resources with each of its several releases per year. During each release cycle approximately two weeks are allocated to generate all the genomic alignments and the protein homology predictions. The number of calculations required for this task grows approximately quadratically with the number of species. We currently support 50 species in Ensembl and we expect the number to continue to grow in the future.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We present eHive, a new fault tolerant distributed processing system initially designed to support comparative genomic analysis, based on blackboard systems, network distributed autonomous agents, dataflow graphs and block-branch diagrams. In the eHive system a MySQL database serves as the central blackboard and the autonomous agent, a Perl script, queries the system and runs jobs as required. The system allows us to define dataflow and branching rules to suit all our production pipelines. We describe the implementation of three pipelines: (1) pairwise whole genome alignments, (2) multiple whole genome alignments and (3) gene trees with protein homology inference. Finally, we show the efficiency of the system in real case scenarios.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>eHive allows us to produce computationally demanding results in a reliable and efficient way with minimal supervision and high throughput. Further documentation is available at: <url>http://www.ensembl.org/info/docs/eHive/</url>.</p
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