Resource Allocation In Public Education: A Thirty Five Year Historical Study Of Public School Budgets In Clark County, Nevada

This historical study analyzed thirty five years of public school expenditures for evidence of change in spending patterns to discover whether or not the organizational structure of the schools has been allowed to drift from public expectations; Budget expenditures from year to year were reclassified by the USED codes in Handbook II. This rigorous classification and the LOTUS 123 spread sheet enabled the researcher to hold all data constant; The study demonstrated that school boards\u27 objectives had not changed between 1950 and 1985. Nevertheless, seven fundamental changes occurred in the operation of the schools and that all noninstructional school programs were expanded at the direct expense of the instructional program. In 1952, the public schools expended 72% of educational funds for direct instruction. By 1985, this had been reduced to 51%. The research also demonstrated the public will to support education. When adjusted for inflation and student enrollment, taxpayers increased their support of schools by 205%. This funding increase enabled the public schools to add instructional television, special education and to establish retirement and health insurance programs. After deducting these costs, the funding available for traditional programs has increased, per student, in constant dollars, by 114%. Clearly, the district had the funds to enhance the instructional program, but chose not to do so. Finally the study demonstrated full extent of fund transfer and documented that collective bargaining was only able to slow the transfer of funds from instruction; The economic theory of supply by bureaus was used in order to explain why the district allowed this to occur. The researcher concluded that the cause was the bureaucratic organization of the school, and that schools can not be reformed within the context of a bureaucracy. The transfer of funds will continue until the public forces its schools to reorganize into a non bureaucratic, market responsive system where parents, students, and teachers can be responsible for the quality of the instructional programs

Cerebral Venous Lesions

Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/145321/1/cpmia0200.pd

Imaging Cavernous Malformations

This unit describes a for evaluating cavernous malformations (CMs). CMs represent ˜10% to 15% of vascular malformations. They consist of enlarged sinusoidal vascular spaces that have thin walls devoid of smooth muscle and normal endothelium. These form compact masses within central nervous system (CNS) parenchyma or associated structures without normal interspersed tissue. The thin walls lack normal endothelium and are prone to leakage of blood elements.Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/145308/1/cpmia0202.pd

Imaging Dural Sinus Thrombosis

The acute onset of irreversible neurological deficit is referred to as a “stroke” and is the third leading cause of death and the major cause of adult long‐term disability in the United States. Obstruction of the venous sinuses by thrombosis accounts for ˜1% of strokes. Thrombosis of the superior saggital sinus is most frequent, with involvement of transverse, sigmoid, and cavernous sinuses occurring less often. Venous thrombosis may involve the dural sinuses, the deep venous system, and the superficial cortical veins separately or in any combination. This unit describes a for imaging dural sinuses by time‐of‐flight magnetic resonance venography (MRV).Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/145245/1/cpmia0201.pd

Landslides of Southeastern Ohio

Author Institution: Department of Geology, Ohio University, Athens, OhioThe Upper Pennsylvanian and Permian cyclothemic sedimentary rocks of the Ohio River valley are especially subject to downslope movements. Repairs of landslides on state highways in eastern Ohio alone cost over a million dollars annually. Eighty-seven slope failures were located within seven counties of southeastern Ohio; 50 of the larger of these movements were mapped in some detail. Earthflows and rotational slumps are the most common types of slope failures, the latter being the larger and constituting about 89 percent of the landslides mapped. Over 70 percent of the total number of slope movements occur within only one-sixth of the geologic column. Red shales predominate in the four most unstable intervals; the gray shales of the area seldom yield to sliding and the green shales vary greatly in strengths. Almost all of the red shales and one-third of the green shales slake completely within three hours after immersion in water; many of the red shales deteriorate to an ooze within minutes. There is no apparent relationship between stability and the amounts of soluble salts in each type of shale. Differential thermal analyses and rehydration tests indicate that these shales are composed largely of illitic clay minerals which, in the red shales at least, are deficient in bonding by cations of potassium. Ferric ions, presumably connate, have prevented readsorption of potassium throughout time, thus permitting a thickening of the interlayer water with resultant weakening of bonding. When interlayer water is driven off, a faster and greater regain is noted in the more unstable shales, as compared with that in the relatively stable shales. When the unstable shales are replenished with potassium, they strengthen markedly, especially those samples from which much of the inhibiting iron oxides have previously been removed

Sequestration of Muscarinic Cholinergic Receptors in Permeabilized Neuroblastoma Cells

The feasibility of using a permeabilized preparation of human SH-SY-5Y neuroblastoma cells for studies of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) sequestration has been evaluated. Exposure of cells permeabilized with digitonin, streptolysin-O, or the Α-toxin from Staphylococcus aureus to oxotremorine-M (Oxo-M) for 30 min resulted in a 25–30% reduction in the number of cell surface mAChRs, as monitored by the loss of N [ 3 H]methyl- scopolamine ([ 3 H]NMS) binding sites. The corresponding value for intact cells was 40%. For cells permeabilized with 20 Μ M digitonin, the Oxo-M-mediated reduction in [ 3 H]NMS binding was time ( t 1/2 ∼ 5 min) and concentration (EC 50 ∼ 10 Μ M ) dependent and was agonist specific (Oxo M > bethanechol = arecoline = pilocarpine). In contrast, no reduction in total mAChR number, as monitored by the binding of [ 3 H]quinuclidinyl benzilate, occurred following Oxo-M treatment. The loss of [ 3 H]NMS sites observed in the presence of Oxo-M was unaffected by omission of either ATP or Ca 2+ , both of which are required for stimulated phosphoinositide hydrolysis, but could be inhibited by the inclusion of guanosine 5′- O -(2-thiodiphosphate). mAChRs sequestered in response to Oxo-M addition were unmasked when the cells were permeabilized in the presence of higher concentrations of digitonin (80 Μ M ). The results indicate (a) that permeabilized SH-SY-5Y cells support an agonist-induced sequestration of mAChRs, the magnitude of which is ∼ 65–70% of that observed for intact cells, (b) that when internalized, mAChRs are located in a cellular compartment to which [ 3 H]NMS has only a limited access despite the removal of the plasma membrane barrier, and (c) that the production of phosphoinositide-derived second messengers is not a prerequisite for mAChR sequestration.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/65736/1/j.1471-4159.1994.62051795.x.pd

Put The Blame On Mame

Photograph of Rita Hayworthhttps://scholarsjunction.msstate.edu/cht-sheet-music/12369/thumbnail.jp

Prove It By The Things You Do

Photograph of David Street; Stars and waving lines on red backgroundhttps://scholarsjunction.msstate.edu/cht-sheet-music/12360/thumbnail.jp