An evaluation of the Bodmin-NuPulse milking machine : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Agricultural Science in Animal Science at Massey University

Two experiments were carried out to evaluate the milking characteristics of the Bodmin NuPulse milking machine. The first experiment describes the mode of operation of the NuPulse pulsation mechanism and establishes that the NuPulse has a distinctly different mode of action from the conventional type of milking machine. The aim of the 2nd experiment was to determine if the liner movement characteristics of the NuPulse cluster had any advantage over the conventional type of pulsation and liner movement, in terms of milk production and mastitis over the period of a lactation. Ten pairs of infection-free identical twins were allocated to the experiment; one member of each pair was milked by the NuPulse pulsation system and the other member was milked by the NuPulse cluster which had been modified for the conventional pulsation treatment by removal of the NuPulse pulsation mechanism. Because of this modification the experiment did not examine the difference between the NuPulse and a conventional machine but only the difference between the two pulsation mechanisms. The Mark I NuPulse Cluster was used for both treatments in order to eliminate any possible effects of cluster weight, size and stability on the cow during milking. The trial cows were grazed with a 100 cow, mixed aged herd. The herd was milked in an eight bail walk-through, high pipe-line dairy, equipped with four NuPulse clusters and four conventional (modified NuPulse) units. The non-trial cows in the herd were milked by one machine or the other, at random, whereas the trial cows were milked by any one of the four machines appropriate to their treatment. Before 'cups-on' the teats of all cows (including the trial cows) were squirted for five to ten seconds with water and only washed if they were dirty. At times during the summer months, cows with clean teats received no wash at all. During the experiment (and including the first 3 months of the following lactation) no significant difference in mastitis or teat end condition developed between the two treatment groups. The one line NuPulse cluster, with the pulsator incorporated into the claw piece was associated with the same problem of frothing as other one line machines used with high lift pipeline machines. However, the production data indicated that the pulsation mechanism of the NuPulse influenced the cows in some way during milking. The NuPulse group of twins recorded higher milk yields during the last 5 months of lactation and at the time of drying-off, were giving significantly (P < 0.01) higher yields than the group of twins milked by the conventional machine. The group milked by the conventional machine (modified NuPulse) reached the drying off yield of the NuPulse group (5.9 l/day) 12 days earlier. When the lactation was ended for both groups at a yield of 5.9 l/day and the total production for both groups compared, it was found that the NuPulse group achieved significantly higher yields (P < 0.05). Compared to the conventional (or modified NuPulse) machine, the higher milk yields recorded with the NuPulse during the last 5 months of lactation suggests that the NuPulse was associated with a more positive stimulation effect during milking. However, in view of the small number of animals used in the experiment further studies should be made to verify the increased production effect of the NuPulse on a larger scale, as the efficiency of such increases in production has wider economic implications. Possible stimulation mechanisms associated with the mode of action of the NuPulse are discussed

Pre-terrestrial oxidation products in carbonaceous meteorites identified by Mossbauer spectroscopy

The occurrence of ferric bearing assemblages, comprising phyllosilicates, oxide hydroxides and magnetite, in carbonaceous chondrites (CC) indicates that these meteorites underwent pre-terrestrial, sub-aqueous oxidation reactions. Reported here are results of a Mossbauer spectral study of a suite of CC demonstrating that a variety of ferrous and ferric bearing phases may be distinguished in different classes of this meteorite type

The Iranian Crisis: Who Should Do What?

When people talk about international law that way I think that we are like the crew of that B-17. We are in this together. If international law doesn\u27t work, we are all in for a crash landing

A Conceptual Framework for Research at Canadian Colleges

With the advent of the post-industrial 21st century knowledge-based economy and the demands of global competitiveness, Canada\u27s community colleges are extending their historical mandates (of career-related education and regional economic development) by incorporating research into their traditional programs. However, the recent dramatic growth of research cultures at colleges is occurring in an unsystematic and uncoordinated manner. The purpose of this thesis is to address this issue by proposing a comprehensive, integrated conceptual framework that provides clarity, focus, and direction for building this research culture. A conceptual analysis of research models in higher education is conducted, leading to a working model that is used to analyze the implications of building a research culture at Canadian colleges. The six attributes of the working model (purpose, forms, governance, personnel, funding, outputs) are revised accordingly, and a conceptual model is proposed that reflects and accommodates the unique circumstances in which research is evolving at Canadian colleges. In this proposed Conceptual Framework for Research at Canadian Colleges, the primary research purpose is to enhance and extend the core college mission by enriching the student experience and the quality of college graduates, keeping faculty current and engaged, and contributing to the social and economic well being of the communities that colleges serve. Research forms such as applied research and the scholarship of teaching and learning embody new opportunities that resonate with core missions. Research governance is manifest at colleges in the establishment and implementation of policies and procedures related to ethics, integrity, academic freedom, and conflict of interest, but requires further consideration of faculty participation and intellectual property rights. With respect to research personnel, the lack of faculty release time presents the single greatest barrier to building a sustainable research culture. While colleges are at a severe disadvantage in accessing traditional sources of research funding, Québec\u27s model of College Centres for Technology Transfer provides a robust example of cooperative arrangements involving a spectrum of funding sources. As for research outputs, colleges are currently developing metrics and models appropriate to their purposes. Consequently, this proposed framework provides a conceptual map to chart more clearly the evolution of research cultures at Canadian colleges