Detailed Nucleosynthesis Yields from the Explosion of Massive Stars

Despite the complexity and uncertainties of core collapse supernova simulations there is a need to provide correct nucleosynthesis abundances for the progressing field of galactic evolution and observations of low metallicity stars. Especially the innermost ejecta are directly affected by the explosion mechanism, i.e. most strongly the yields of Fe-group nuclei for which an induced piston or thermal bomb treatment will not provide the correct yields because the effect of neutrino interactions is not included. Recent observations of metal-poor halo stars support the suggested existence of a lighter element primary process (LEPP) which operates very early in the galaxy and is independent of the r-process. We present a candidate for the LEPP, the so-called νp-proces

Wheat Yield Functions for Analysis of Land-Use Change in China

CERES-Wheat, a dynamic process crop growth model is specified and validated for eight sites in the major wheat-growing regions of China. Crop model results are then used to test functional forms for yield response to nitrogen fertilizer, irrigation water, temperature, and precipitation. The resulting functions are designed to be used in a linked biophysical-economic model of land-use and land-cover change. Variables explaining a significant proportion of simulated yield variance are nitrogen, irrigation water, and precipitation; temperature was not a significant component of yield variation within the range of observed year-to-year variability except at the warmest site. The Mitscherlich-Baule function is found to be more appropriate than the quadratic function at most sites. Crop model simulations with a generic soil with median characteristics of the eight sites were compared to simulations with site-specific soils, providing an initial test of the sensitivity of the functional forms to soil specification. The use of the generic soil does not affect the results significantly; thus, the functions may be considered representative of agriculturally productive regions with similar climate in China under intensifying management conditions

Illness perceptions in women with breast cancer:A systematic literature review

Women with breast cancer respond to the illness and its medical management in their own personal way. Their coping behavior and self-management are determined by their views (cognitions) and feelings (emotions) about symptoms and illness: their illness perceptions. This paper reports the results of a systematic literature review of illness perceptions and breast cancer. In the 12 studies identified, published between 2012 and 2015, illness perceptions were found to be important concomitants of medical and behavioral outcomes: fear of recurrence, distress, quality of life, satisfaction with medical care, use of traditional healers, and risk perceptio

The Momentum Constraints of General Relativity and Spatial Conformal Isometries

Transverse-tracefree (TT-) tensors on $({\bf R}^3,g_{ab})$, with $g_{ab}$ an asymptotically flat metric of fast decay at infinity, are studied. When the source tensor from which these TT tensors are constructed has fast fall-off at infinity, TT tensors allow a multipole-type expansion. When $g_{ab}$ has no conformal Killing vectors (CKV's) it is proven that any finite but otherwise arbitrary set of moments can be realized by a suitable TT tensor. When CKV's exist there are obstructions -- certain (combinations of) moments have to vanish -- which we study.Comment: 16 page

L^2-Betti numbers of one-relator groups

We determine the L^2-Betti numbers of all one-relator groups and all surface-plus-one-relation groups (surface-plus-one-relation groups were introduced by Hempel who called them one-relator surface groups). In particular we show that for all such groups G, the L^2-Betti numbers b_n^{(2)}(G) are 0 for all n>1. We also obtain some information about the L^2-cohomology of left-orderable groups, and deduce the non-L^2 result that, in any left-orderable group of homological dimension one, all two-generator subgroups are free.Comment: 18 pages, version 3, minor changes. To appear in Math. An

Shape Space Methods for Quantum Cosmological Triangleland

With toy modelling of conceptual aspects of quantum cosmology and the problem of time in quantum gravity in mind, I study the classical and quantum dynamics of the pure-shape (i.e. scale-free) triangle formed by 3 particles in 2-d. I do so by importing techniques to the triangle model from the corresponding 4 particles in 1-d model, using the fact that both have 2-spheres for shape spaces, though the latter has a trivial realization whilst the former has a more involved Hopf (or Dragt) type realization. I furthermore interpret the ensuing Dragt-type coordinates as shape quantities: a measure of anisoscelesness, the ellipticity of the base and apex's moments of inertia, and a quantity proportional to the area of the triangle. I promote these quantities at the quantum level to operators whose expectation and spread are then useful in understanding the quantum states of the system. Additionally, I tessellate the 2-sphere by its physical interpretation as the shape space of triangles, and then use this as a back-cloth from which to read off the interpretation of dynamical trajectories, potentials and wavefunctions. I include applications to timeless approaches to the problem of time and to the role of uniform states in quantum cosmological modelling.Comment: A shorter version, as per the first stage in the refereeing process, and containing some new reference

Tobacco Coupons and Teenagers

To the Editor. Despite mounting scientific evidence suggesting a causal relationship between tobacco advertising and increased consumption of tobacco products, particularly among adolescents, promotion of tobacco products by tobacco manufacturers continues to increase

Measuring the elements of the optical density matrix

Most methods for experimentally reconstructing the quantum state of light involve determining a quasiprobability distribution such as the Wigner function. In this paper we present a scheme for measuring individual density matrix elements in the photon number state representation. Remarkably, the scheme is simple, involving two beam splitters and a reference field in a coherent state.Comment: 6 pages and 1 figur

Effective nonlinear optical properties of composite media of graded spherical particles

We have developed a nonlinear differential effective dipole approximation (NDEDA), in an attempt to investigate the effective linear and third-order nonlinear susceptibility of composite media in which graded spherical inclusions with weak nonlinearity are randomly embedded in a linear host medium. Alternatively, based on a first-principles approach, we derived exactly the linear local field inside the graded particles having power-law dielectric gradation profiles. As a result, we obtain also the effective linear dielectric constant and third-order nonlinear susceptibility. Excellent agreement between the two methods is numerically demonstrated. As an application, we apply the NDEDA to investigate the surface plasma resonant effect on the optical absorption, optical nonlinearity enhancement, and figure of merit of metal-dielectric composites. It is found that the presence of gradation in metal particles yields a broad resonant band in the optical region, and further enhances the figure of merit.Comment: 20 pages, 5 figure