Do youth conceptualizations influence the inclusion of young people in sustainable agriculture intensification? Insights from Ghana and Malawi

We examine local conceptualizations and definitions of the youth and how they influence youth inclusion in sustainable agriculture intensification (SAI) in Ghana and Malawi amidst challenges of high youth unemployment and underemployment, food insecurity, and rural out-migration. We use data from focus group discussions and key informant interviews. Definitions of youth(hood) varied among communities and agricultural officials based on age mediated by multiple socio-cultural, demographic, biological, economic, and relational factors. Conceptual mismatches between national formal and local definitions, and negative perceptions of youths undermined youth inclusion. Unpacking and harmonizing conceptualizations of youths as human capital and youth as transitional condition with local definitions that also foster positive youth identities and cultures, and treating dependent and independent youth separately, can reveal meaningful, youth-inclusive intervention points. It can enhance youth opportunity spaces and agency for their increased engagement in SAI, and help to avoid misguided policies arising from conceptual reductionism of youth

Developing gender-transformative innovation packages for sustainable intensification: The case of maize leaf stripping in northern Ghana

Sustainable agricultural intensification (SI) seeks to address multiple development objectives at the same time, among them social aspects of sustainability. However, interest in gender norms as potential catalyzers or obstacles for achieving these objectives has remained low. In this article, we use a SI assessment framework as an analytical lens for the identification of social aspects—in particular inequitable norms—that could be targeted through gender-transformative innovation packages. We evaluate social science data from a maize-livestock intervention in Ghana. In a mixed methods study, data were collected from 60 farmers involved in experimentation. The analysis unearthed a number of overlapping norms that shape men’s and women’s actions and interact with the SI package to produce tangible inequalities. To promote gender equity, these norms need to be targeted. But it will not suffice to simply add gender-transformative components to technical packages, if the technical components are not redesigned to fit the same equity goal. We showcase this using the results. An important conclusion is that assessments of both social and technical components of interventions must be more consciously designed in transdisciplinary processes—with equitable arrangements in mind

TH3.3: Fostering an enabling environment for equality and empowerment in agri-food systems

Lasting transformative change in agri-food systems and wider societal benefits require fostering an enabling environment for empowerment and equality by gender and intersecting social differentiation, while concurrently reducing existing inequalities in access to and control over productive resources, services and technology, resilience and leadership. Fostering an enabling environment hinges on addressing key structural constraints to equally accessing resources, exercising agency and achieving desirable outcomes across multiple scales in a holistic manner. This paper discusses the emerging thinking about key structural barriers at the scales of the state, markets, communities, households and individuals that are rooted in policy, discriminatory (formal and informal) social and economic institutions (including social norms) and dampened aspirations; and their relevance for transformative change in agri-food systems. It shows the trend and current status of key structural constraints, and what has proven effective to relax such constraints. The paper lists key evidence-based recommendations to promote an enabling environment for empowerment and equality in agri-food systems

Gender and mechanization: exploring the sustainability of mechanized forage chopping in Tanzania

Mechanization is currently experiencing a revival in agricultural research and development, with a new emphasis on equity and sustainability. This study evaluates the introduction of forage chopper machines in seven villages in northern Tanzania from a farmer's perspective. Data collected through focus group discussions and a survey are used for a gender analysis of this technology within a broader sustainable intensification indicator framework. The results not only draw attention to unabated challenges to smallholder mechanization (such as high operational costs or weak supporting infrastructures), but also show how the technology's sustainability is contingent upon equity dynamics on the household and community levels. The evaluation framework proved suitable for a holistic assessment. A broader approach to gender issues would strengthen its interdisciplinary claim. Suggestions for promoting the chopper's sustainability include gender-sensitive training and the establishment of group models for machine operation based on agreed and fair regulations

TH1.1: A mixed-methods research tool for improving measurement and understanding of intra-household decision making

A key aspect of women's empowerment is participation in important intra-household decisions. This paper describes a new mixed-methods emic-informed approach that we developed involving multiple stakeholders to explore intra-household decision making on agriculture- and expenditure-related matters. The tool was piloted in cassava-producing districts in Kagera and Kigoma Regions of Tanzania. It first comprises a qualitative guide that was used to interview 40 dyads (mostly married couples) who grow, process, and/or trade cassava. We conducted thematic content analysis of these interviews and identified seven distinct patterns that dyads used to make decisions. These included: husband shares idea, discusses with wife, then (i) husband makes the final decision; (ii) wife makes the final decision; or (iii) they make a joint final decision. Alternatively, (iv) husband shares idea with his wife before he makes the final decision; or wife shares idea, discusses with husband, then (v) husband makes the final decision; (vi) wife makes the final decision; or (vii) they make a joint final decision. These patterns informed the development of vignettes that describe intra-household decision making, along with survey questions asking respondents which decision-making vignettes they most identify with and additional questions on why and how decisions are made in their households. Finally, these new modules were included in a multi-topic survey that was administered to around 1300 couples to validate the new decision-making modules. Our approach aims to help us better measure and understand intra-household decision making and its links to household-level economic, food, and nutrition security outcomes

Realizing Inclusive SAI: Contextualizing indicators to better evaluate gender and intergenerational inequity in SAI processes and outcomes - Cases from Southern and Western Africa

Despite increasing sustainable agricultural intensification (SAI) investments, indicators for detecting gender and intergenerational inequities in SAI costs and benefits sharing often remain overgeneralized, theoretical, or locally irrelevant. We examine the relative value of, and how to, customize standard SAI indicators to detect such inequities in specific socio-cultural contexts to enhance data collection for evidence-based decision making in fostering gender/youth inclusive SAI. Using focus-group discussions and key informant interviews among farmers and diverse government, NGO, private sector, and academic stakeholders in two districts in Malawi and three in Ghana, we assess the perceived roles, differentiated needs/ priorities of men, women and youth, and the sharing of SAI burdens and benefits within farming households. We investigate what context-appropriate questions to ask, to whom, and how, to collect reliable information on indicators of SAIinvestment inequities. Results illuminate context-specific, gendered and intergenerational factors shaping access to and ownership of productive resources, household decision making, SAI participation, and appropriateness of selected indicators. Combining farmers’ and local field-expert’ perspectives offers practical insights for customizing inequity indicators. Findings highlight advantages of local contextualization of SAI indicators, including insights on appropriate data-collection approaches that challenge orthodox survey/quantitative methods for detecting and assessing gender/age inequities to foster inclusive SAI

A decision makers’ guide to equitable sustainable agricultural intensification

In many parts of the world, there is a clear need for investment in agriculture to counteract low yields and food insecurity. Focusing only on short-term production gains, however, through technologies such as improved seeds, irrigation, fertilizers and pesticides, increases risks to the environment and human health. Assessing the sustainability of agricultural intensification must go beyond simply finding economical ways to preserve agriculture’s natural resource base and reduce environmental harm from agriculture. The process of sustainable agricultural intensification (SAI) has to also be inclusive and move towards social equity if it is to be truly sustainable. There are many tools for assessing agriculture through an environmental or economic lens, but relatively few that use social criteria. This leaves a gap as more SAI projects and investments aim to achieve equitable benefits across gender and age lines. This guide provides decision-makers with data collection tools to assess gender and youth inequities associated with changes during SAI. These tools were developed and refined following workshops, field work and interviews with decisionmakers in Ghana and Malawi. In agricultural research, important social data often comes from large-scale household surveys that need significant investment of time and money. This guide focused on non-survey data collection tools, many of which originate from participatory learning and action, for two reasons: participatory tools encourage reflection by participants to increase stakeholder equity, and they are often better matched to the resource requirements and time constraints of those involved. Tools are presented based on their ability to provide information about three identified risks to equity from the SAI process: (i) unequal increases in workload, (ii) unequal access to and use of agricultural resources and (iii) inequitable impacts from changes in technologies and markets. For each tool, an overview explains how the tool relates to SAI. Then, the steps needed to facilitate use are presented, followed by special considerations for effective implementation. The guide supports decision-makers in choosing appropriate data collection tools and in effectively using the information. To make the choice of tool easier, information is provided on affordability, timeliness and human resource requirements for each. Also considered is each tool’s ability to assess potential technologies ex ante, so decision-makers can adapt them before implementation to better foster gender and youth equity. Finally, a number of examples of decision-making tools are presented with how to use the data collected to inform more inclusive SAI. The goal is to enhance the capacity of decision-makers to make a robust analysis of the distribution of benefits and burdens resulting from SAI investments. Decision-makers are encouraged to apply the tools within a community-driven gendertransformative process that aims to change the norms that perpetuate social inequities, by simultaneously influencing household, community, market and political domains

Addition of local hepatic therapy to sorafenib in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (stage BCLC C)

BACKGROUND/AIMS For most patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), diagnosis is invariably done only in the advanced stages of the disease. For advanced, non-metastatic stage, standard therapy is transarterial chemoembolization (TACE). For metastatic disease, the recommended therapy is systemic treatment with sorafenib. In this study, we evaluated the benefit of an additional local hepatic treatment for patients with advanced metastatic disease. METHODS In a retrospective study, we assessed the overall survival (OS), time to progression (TTP), and disease control rate (DCR) in 37 patients with metastasized HCC treated with sorafenib. Sixteen patients received additional local therapy, while 21 patients received only sorafenib. RESULTS Median OS of patients with combined therapy was significantly higher with 25 months (95% CI: 13.7-36.3 months) as compared to 11 months (95% CI: 6.2-15.8 months) in patients treated with sorafenib alone. TTP was 7 months (95% CI: 5.3-8.7 months) compared to 5 months (95% CI: 3-7 months) and DCR was 87 versus 72% after 3 months and 31 versus 22% after 9 months. CONCLUSION These data suggest that control of the liver tumor burden by local therapy in combination with sorafenib might prove beneficial for metastasized HCC. Randomised studies are needed to confirm this exploratory finding

Visceral adipose tissue but not subcutaneous adipose tissue is associated with urine and serum metabolites

Obesity is a complex multifactorial phenotype that influences several metabolic pathways. Yet, few studies have examined the relations of different body fat compartments to urinary and serum metabolites. Anthropometric phenotypes (visceral adipose tissue (VAT), subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), the ratio between VAT and SAT (VSR), body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC)) and urinary and serum metabolite concentrations measured by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy were measured in a population-based sample of 228 healthy adults. Multivariable linear and logistic regression models, corrected for multiple testing using the false discovery rate, were used to associate anthropometric phenotypes with metabolites. We adjusted for potential confounding variables: age, sex, smoking, physical activity, menopausal status, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), urinary glucose, and fasting status. In a fully adjusted logistic regression model dichotomized for the absence or presence of quantifiable metabolite amounts, VAT, BMI and WC were inversely related to urinary choline (ß = -0.18, p = 2.73*10−3), glycolic acid (ß = -0.20, 0.02), and guanidinoacetic acid (ß = -0.12, p = 0.04), and positively related to ethanolamine (ß = 0.18, p = 0.02) and dimethylamine (ß = 0.32, p = 0.02). BMI and WC were additionally inversely related to urinary glutamine and lactic acid. Moreover, WC was inversely associated with the detection of serine. VAT, but none of the other anthropometric parameters, was related to serum essential amino acids, such as valine, isoleucine, and phenylalanine among men. Compared to other adiposity measures, VAT demonstrated the strongest and most significant relations to urinary and serum metabolites. The distinct relations of VAT, SAT, VSR, BMI, and WC to metabolites emphasize the importance of accurately differentiating between body fat compartments when evaluating the potential role of metabolic regulation in the development of obesity-related diseases, such as insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease