Boundary Distributions in Testing Inequality Hypotheses

Testing inequality hypotheses in econometric models has posed a challenge in terms of identifying an applicable null distribution. This study demonstrates an asymptotic boundary null distribution for testing inequalities and discusses some of the trade o¤s in terms of test errors.Boundry distributors, Inequality hypothesis

Effect of psychological stress on orthodontic tooth movement in rats

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of psychological stress on orthodontic tooth movement in Wistar rats. Materials and methods: Forty-eight female ten-week old Wistar rats with an average weight of 188 ±12 gr were selected and randomly divided into two experimental and control groups. The experimental group received crowded environment-induced and cat odour stresses 4 weeks before spring insertion. On the 29th day in both groups, maxillary incisors were moved by the insertion of springs and exactly after 7 days, 9 rats from each group and after 14 days the remaining rats were sacrificed. Then the mesioincisal distance between maxillary incisors was measured. Afterwards, histological sections were prepared to count osteoclasts under a light microscope. The data on the extent of orthodontic tooth movement and the number of osteoclasts were analyzed by independent sample t-test. Results: The results indicated that on the 7th day after spring placement the orthodontic tooth movement was significantly higher in the control group compared to the experimental group (p<0.05). The number of osteoclasts at a significance level of ?=0.1 in the control group was higher compared to the experimental group. On the 14th day after spring placement, the orthodontic tooth movement in the control group was significantly higher compared to the experimental group (p<0.05). However, there were no significant differences in the number of osteoclasts between the two groups. The rats experienced weight loss in the experimental group (p<0.05). Conclusions: Psychological stress led to a decrease in orthodontic tooth movement and in the number of osteoclasts around the root in the movement direction in rats, but a decrease in osteoclast counts was not parallel with time and demonstrated a nonlinear pattern. In addition, psychological stress led to weight loss in rats

Characterization of PRD-1 Mutation in Neurospora crassa

In Neurospora crassa, rhythmic conidiation is controlled by several oscillators such as FRQ/WCC and FLO. The frequency (frq) gene and white collar genes (WC-1 and WC-2) are the most important components of the FRQ/WCC oscillator and prd-1 and prd-2 genes could be important components of the FLO. This project aims to characterize the prd-1 mutation. This involved mapping the mutation using PCR analyses based on single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. After determining a minimal interval, candidate genes were sequenced, and knockout mutants were screened in this interval for prd-1 phenotype. A candidate gene was found to have a mutation that affects the splicing of the mRNA. The identity of the gene was confirmed by complementing the prd-1 mutant with a wild type copy of the identified candidate gene. The prd-1 gene is identified as an RNA helicase

LQG Mean Field Games with a Major Agent: Nash Certainty Equivalence versus Probabilistic Approach

Mean field game systems consisting of a major agent and a large population of minor agents were introduced in (Huang, 2010) in an LQG setup. In the past years several approaches towards major-minor mean field games have been developed, principally (i) the Nash certainty equivalence (Huang, 2010), (ii) master equations, (iii) asymptotic solvability, and (iv) the probabilistic approach. In a recent work (Huang, 2020), for the LQG case the equivalence of the solutions obtained via approaches (i)-(iii) was established. In this work we demonstrate that the closed-loop Nash equilibrium derived in the infinite-population limit through approaches (i) and (iv) are identical

Percutaneous Balloon Mitral Valvuloplasty

Mitral stenosis (MS) is the most important long-term sequel of rheumatic fever (RF). MS is associated with deterioration of the functional status of the patients and worsens their long-term prognosis. Percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty (BMV) is an effective and safe method in treating rheumatic MS when performed by an experienced operator in a carefully selected patient. A successful BMV procedure results in reducing the symptoms and improving the long-term outcome of the patients. Of the different proposed techniques, the Inoue balloon technique is the most frequently used. Appropriate patient selection using clinical and echocardiographic characteristics is of paramount importance for achieving acceptable final results. Complications are infrequent but can cause significant morbidity and even mortality. Special subgroups of patients might also benefit from BMV, including pregnant women, older patients with rigid valves, and those with mitral valve restenosis

California bearing ratio tests of enzyme-treated sedimentary residual soil show no improvement

Environmental concerns have significantly influenced the construction industry regarding the identification and use of environmentally sustainable construction materials. In this context, enzymes (organic materials) have been introduced recently for ground improvement projects such as pavements and embankments. The present experimental study was carried out in order to evaluate the compressive strength of a sedimentary residual soil treated with three different types of enzymes, as assessed through a California bearing ratio (CBR) test. Controlled untreated and treated soil samples containing four dosages (the recommended dose and two, five and 10 times the recommended dose) were prepared, sealed and cured for four months. Following the curing period, samples were soaked in water for four days before the CBR tests were administered. These tests showed no improvement in the soil is compressive strength; in other words, samples prepared even at higher dosages did not exhibit any improvement. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy tests were carried out on three enzymes in order to study the functional groups present in them. Furthermore, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) tests were executed for untreated and treated soil samples to determine if any chemical reaction took place between the soil and the enzymes. Neither of the tests (XRD nor FESEM) revealed any change. In fact, the XRD patterns and FESEM images for untreated and treated soil samples were indistinguishable