94 research outputs found
Prototyping organic mixed crop-dairy systems at a local scale : a multi-attribute approach
Social demand for Sustainable agriculture and multifunctionality of agriculture since the 2003 CAP reform, leads agricultural systems to be more friendly for the environment. In such a context, research has to work on the conception of environmental friendly agricultural systems. In East of France, a research team is prototyping two complementary mixed crop-dairy systems aiming to respect the environment and to produce milk and crops. Two organic multi-objective prototypes are being built based on (i) respect of land natural properties (ii) use of low external inputs and (iii) limitation of the exchanges between systems at a local scale. Prototyping that kind of systems requires a multi-attribute approach using different methods. Experimentation at farming system level combined to modelling might suit well that purpose
Securing Sustainable Livestock Production Systems in an Uncertain Economic Climate: Nurturing Flexibility and Resilience
Resilience is one of the three core properties of socialâecological systems, mixing adaptability and transformability. Flexibility can be defined in terms of diversity of procedures and the speed at which they can be mobilized by one organization. The analyses performed are presented in terms of levers that farmers can deploy to protect their management systems against market uncertainty. These levers differ depending on farmer standpoints, objectives, lessons learned, the collective organizations they work with, the standards and specifications they work to, etc. It is equally important to identify the interplays between overarching and underlying scale levels for the system studied and to hone in on the dynamics at work during periods of transition. Adaptive capacities of farm systems are closely linked to how the farmer perceives the situations to manage, according to his aims, to his behaviour face to risk and to his idea of what is his job. We propose to use different words to describe the properties of farming systems to cope with changes, according to the level within the system: âadaptive capacityâ or âplasticityâ for the animal level, âresilienceâ for the biotechnical level and âflexibilityâ for the whole system, including the manager. We think there is a real challenge working at each level on transition periods and processes, as farming systems will have more and more to adapt face to unpredic events
L'élevage, un atout pour le développement durable des territoires dans les régions de polyculture-élevage
Comment lâĂ©levage peut-il contribuer au dĂ©veloppement durable des territoires en rĂ©gion de polyculture-Ă©levage ? A lâinverse, les objectifs de dĂ©veloppement rural peuvent-ils conforter la durabilitĂ© de lâĂ©levage dans ces situations ? Notre rĂ©flexion est fondĂ©e sur des recherches interdisciplinaires sur lâagriculture et lâenvironnement dans diffĂ©rentes rĂ©gions françaises (Coteaux de Gascogne, Plaine de Niort, Bretagne, Pays de Caux et Lorraine). Nos recherches apprĂ©hendent les relations entre transformations des activitĂ©s agricoles et changements de lâutilisation des terres en lien avec les services Ă©cosystĂ©miques. Ces questions exigent dâaborder de multiples dimensions de la gestion de lâespace et des ressources naturelles par lâĂ©levage. Nos rĂ©sultats illustrent la complexitĂ© et lâimbrication des questions de gestion de lâespace, de la parcelle au paysage, soulevĂ©es par le dĂ©veloppement durable de lâĂ©levage en milieu de polyculture-Ă©levage. Au niveau de lâexploitation, ils Ă©clairent les stratĂ©gies dĂ©cisionnelles des agriculteurs. Au niveau du tissu dâexploitations, ils soulignent lâimportance des relations et des Ă©changes entre exploitations. LâexpĂ©rimentation de systĂšmes innovants contribue Ă Ă©valuer la compatibilitĂ© des enjeux territoriaux et de durabilitĂ© des exploitations. Enfin, nous proposons des pistes de recherche et dâactions pour conforter la contribution de lâĂ©levage au dĂ©veloppement durable des territoires ruraux
Les flux d'azote en Ă©levage de ruminants
L'Ă©levage transforme l'azote des vĂ©gĂ©taux en produits animaux et en rejette une partie sous forme de dĂ©jections, qui peuvent ĂȘtre utilisĂ©es comme engrais. Toutefois le dĂ©veloppement des productions animales a conduit dans certains territoires Ă une concentration des apports et rejets d'azote, et une pollution des eaux, du sol et de l'atmosphĂšre. Cette problĂ©matique est traitĂ©e depuis une vingtaine d'annĂ©es par les politiques europĂ©ennes. Que sait-on aujourd'hui de la dynamique des flux d'azote issus des Ă©levages ? Quelles sont les pistes et les Ă©chelles pertinentes d'action pour rĂ©duire les Ă©missions et leurs impacts sur l'environnement tout en prĂ©servant la compĂ©titivitĂ© des productions animales ? Ces questions ont motivĂ© de la part des ministĂšres en charge de l'Agriculture et de l'Ecologie, au printemps 2010, une demande d'expertise scientifique collective auprĂšs de l'INRA pour disposer d'un bilan des connaissances sur les diffĂ©rents flux d'azote associĂ©s aux activitĂ©s d'Ă©levage. Nous relatons ici les Ă©lĂ©ments majeurs concernant l'Ă©levage des ruminants
Interrelations cultures-Ă©levage dans les systĂšmes de polyculture Ă©levage : Quelles capacitĂ©s adaptatives Ă diffĂ©rents pas de temps pour accroĂźtre lâautonomie fourragĂšre?
Les systĂšmes de polyculture -Ă©levage font lâobjet dâune nouvelle reconnaissance Ă lâĂ©chelle internationale en termes de durabilitĂ© des exploitations et des paysages; pourtant, ils continuent de diminuer en France. Notre question de recherche concerne les changements mis en Ćuvre par les agriculteurs pour accroĂźtre la durabilitĂ© de leur exploitation et suppose lâobservation des interrelations entre cultures et Ă©levage, qui joue ont un grand rĂŽle sur les bĂ©nĂ©fices obtenus. En mobilisant le cadre dâanalyse des capacitĂ©s adaptatives Ă diffĂ©rentes Ă©chelles de temps des systĂšmes dâĂ©levage, nous mettons en Ă©vidence diffĂ©rentes modalitĂ©s dâinterrelations entre cultures et Ă©levage. Sur le long terme, nous constatons les effets opposĂ©s des diffĂ©rentes politiques publiques, notamment europĂ©ennes, sur les systĂšmes de polyculture Ă©levage. A moyen terme, les transitions rĂ©alisĂ©es par les agriculteurs renvoient Ă une plus grande finesse de la gestion Ă rĂ©aliser, faisant parfois appel Ă un rĂ©fĂ©rentiel de pensĂ©e diffĂ©rent. A moyen et court terme, les agriculteurs jouent sur la flexibilitĂ© de leur systĂšme pour quâil sâadapte Ă des circonstances nouvelles de maniĂšre appropriĂ©e
Crop-livestock interfaces established through adaptations of farmers' practices over the short and long term
Since the 1960s, there has been a global trend toward specializing and intensifying farming systems in order to produce more. However, several authors (Hendrickson et al., 2008; Griffon, 2009; Russelle et al., 2007; Wilkins, 2008) have denounced agricultural development based on these systems, citing such negative impacts as the excessive build-up of nutrients in soil and water, economic dependency on product prices and a decrease in biodiversity. Conversely, integrated crop-livestock farming systems (CLFS), which combine crop production with animal husbandry (Russelle et al., 2007, Hendrickson et al., 2008), are now being reconsidered as a means of improving farm and land sustainability (Herrero et al., 2010). CLFS systems improve nutrient cycles (via exchanges of manure and straw) and are a source of economies of scope (Vermersch, 2007). They have the potential to bring about diversification in cropping plans, crop rotations and crop and grassland locations (Bonny,2011). This double nature of diversity (of agricultural activities, of resources for production)can be seen from the adaptive capacity point of view (Milestad et al., 2012), i.e. as a source of the farming systemsâ flexibility
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