Questioni di lessico politico tra traduzioni di testi latini e trasmissione della Politica di Aristotele: libertas e liberté nelle traduzioni di Oresme, Foulechat e del Songe du Vergier

In order to show the complexity of translating from Latin to French in Middle-Ages, this article focuses on the term libertas. The pivotal question for medieval translators is how to render the different meanings (theological, ethical, political) of libertas. Three medieval authors as Denis Foulechat, Evrart de Tremaugon and Nicole Oresme find personal solutions, handling the French of their own age. But are their personal choices consistent with the meaning of the word that they are translating? A creative translator can help his readers and enrich the language they speak, but he can also alter what he is translating

First international summit on fibrosis in intestinal inflammation: mechanisms and biological therapies

The first meeting dedicated to intestinal fibrosis, entitled The First International Summit on Fibrosis in Intestinal Inflammation: Mechanisms and Biological Therapies, was held in Cleveland, Ohio, USA, on 28-29 September 2010. Intestinal fibrosis is a complication of inflammatory conditions affecting the small and large bowel and often results in serious clinical consequences. Despite its clinical importance, the study of inflammation-driven intestinal fibrosis has received very limited attention. This explains why so little is known about its pathophysiology and the lack of significant therapeutic advances, in contrast with the recent success achieved in controlling gut inflammation with biological agents. The meeting covered most aspects directly relevant to intestinal fibrosis, including gut inflammation; cellular and molecular mechanisms of intestinal fibrogenesis; new clinical, diagnostic and prognostic tests and novel therapeutic approaches

Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Autoimmune or Immune-mediated Pathogenesis?

The pathogenesis of Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), the two main forms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), is still unclear, but both autoimmune and immune-mediated phenomena are involved. Autoimmune phenomena include the presence of serum and mucosal autoantibodies against intestinal epithelial cells in either form of IBD, and against human tropomyosin fraction five selectively in UC. In addition, perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (pANCA) are common in UC, whereas antibodies against Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ASCA) are frequently found in CD. Immune-mediate phenomena include a variety of abnormalities of humoral and cell-mediated immunity, and a generalized enhanced reactivity against intestinal bacterial antigens in both CD and UC. It is currently believed that loss of tolerance against the indigenous enteric flora is the central event in IBD pathogenesis. Various complementary factors probably contribute to the loss of tolerance to commensal bacteria in IBD. They include defects in regulatory T-cell function, excessive stimulation of mucosal dendritic cells, infections or variants of proteins critically involved in bacterial antigen recognition, such as the products of CD-associated NOD2/CARD15 mutations

Le parole e la visioneComunicare l'esperienza visionaria: il caso di Ildegarda di Bingen

L'articolo intende evidenziare la strategia adottata da Ildegarda di Bingen per divulgare le visioni ricevute.Si mette allora in luce la strada dell'annullamento della personalità che riduce Ildegarda a uno specchio che deve riflettere le parole e le immagini di cui è stata testimone.L'esperienza di Ildegarda si dimostra essenzialmente visiva e parzialmente auditiva, con rarissimi accenni alla percezione di altri sensi.L'analisi del testo mette in evidenza una profonda sfiducia nella parola umana ritenuta strutturalmente incapace di inadatta a comunicare l'esperienza visionaria.Per questo motivo assume importanza l'adozione di immagini miniate, disegnate dalla stessa Ildegarda, al fine di supplire ai limiti del linguaggio degli uomini

L’ordine cristiano dei laici

Quando si usa il termine laico, occorre sempre rispondere ad alcune domande implicite: laico rispetto a chi? Quando? Un percorso tra le varie classificazioni che si possono trovare nei testi medievali. Nella convinzione che la struttura stessa della classificazione sia importante, l'articolo procede sulla base di un criterio quantitativo, facendo riferimento al numero di classi o generi identificati, a partire dalla divisione più semplice. Una passaggio dal semplice al complesso alla luce della centralità del binomio concettuale di unità-differenza. When we use the term laico, we must ever answer to some implicit questions: laico compared to whom? When? A path among the various classifications that we can find in medieval texts. Persuaded that the very structure of the classification is important, the paper goes on, according to a quantitative criterion, by reference to the number of identified classes or genres, starting from the simplest partition. A transition from the simple to the complex in the light of the centrality of two-faced concept of unit-difference

Genomes of Bacteroides Ovatus, B Cellulosilyticus, B Uniformis, Phocaeicola Vulgatus, and P Dorei Isolated From Gut Cavernous Fistulous Tract Micropathologies in Crohn\u27s Disease

Surgically removed bowels from Crohn\u27s disease patients exhibit a novel form of micropathologies known as cavernous fistulous tract microlesions (CavFT), resembling fissures. We announce the genomes/plasmids and antimicrobial resistance genes of six CavFT bacterial isolates representing the Bacteroidota genera Bacteroides and Phocaeicola. Plasmids were identified in Bacteroides cellulosilyticus and Phocaeicola vulgatus

Theratyping of the Rare CFTR Variants E193K and R334W in Rectal Organoid-Derived Epithelial Monolayers

Background: The effect of presently available CFTR modulator combinations, such as elexacaftor (ELX), tezacaftor (TEZ), and ivacaftor (IVA), on rare CFTR alleles is often unknown. Several assays have been developed, such as forskolin-induced swelling (FIS), to evaluate the rescue of such uncommon CFTR alleles both by established and novel modulators in patient-derived primary cell cultures (organoids). Presently, we assessed the CFTR-mediated electrical current across rectal organoid-derived epithelial monolayers. This technique, which allows separate measurement of CFTR-dependent chloride or bicarbonate transport, was used to assess the effect of ELX/TEZ/IVA on two rare CFTR variants. Methods: Intestinal organoid cultures were established from rectal biopsies of CF patients carrying the rare missense mutations E193K or R334W paired with F508del. The effect of the CFTR modulator combination ELX/TEZ/IVA on CFTR-mediated Cl- and HCO3- secretion was assessed in organoid-derived intestinal epithelial monolayers. Non-CF organoids were used for comparison. Clinical biomarkers (sweat chloride, FEV1) were monitored in patients receiving modulator therapy. Results: ELX/TEZ/IVA markedly enhanced CFTR-mediated bicarbonate and chloride transport across intestinal epithelium of both patients. Consistent with the rescue of CFTR function in cultured intestinal cells, ELX/TEZ/IVA therapy improved biomarkers of CFTR function in the R334W/F508del patient. Conclusions: Current measurements in organoid-derived intestinal monolayers can readily be used to monitor CFTR-dependent epithelial Cl- and HCO3- transport. This technique can be explored to assess the functional consequences of rare CFTR mutations and the efficacy of CFTR modulators. We propose that this functional CFTR assay may guide personalized medicine in patients with CF-like clinical manifestations as well as in those carrying rare CFTR mutations

Interleukin 1␤-Induced Production of H 2 O 2 Contributes to Reduced Sigmoid Colonic Circular Smooth Muscle Contractility in Ulcerative Colitis

ABSTRACT We have shown that neurokinin A-induced contraction of human sigmoid circular muscle (HSCM) is reduced in patients with ulcerative colitis and that interleukin (IL)-1␤ may play a role in this change. We now examine changes in the signal transduction pathway mediating neurokinin A-induced contraction of HSCM and explore the role of IL-1␤ and of H 2 O 2 in these changes. In Fura 2-AM-loaded ulcerative colitis HSCM cells, neurokinin A-and caffeine-induced peak Ca 2ϩ increase and cell shortening were significantly reduced. In normal cells, neurokinin A-induced contraction was decreased by protein kinas