Las fuentes de la futura calificación del crimen de agresión por parte de la Corte Penal Internacional

At the Review Conference of the Rome Statute - which created the International Criminal Court – in 2010, a concept of the crime of aggression was adopted that leaves many aspects to interpretation, so in case it comes into force, the organs of the Court when assessing a concrete case should not only refer to the discussion of the concept established in Kampala, but also to its previous legal development. The author explores in relation to these developments as well on primary sources that the Court should bear in mind when rating the act, corresponding to Resolution 3314 (XXIX) AG United Nations and the Statutes of the International Military Courts and its subsequent judgments, both background models for the creation of the concept of crime of aggression in Kampala. Furthermore, they will have to analyse the cases in which UN bodies havedetermined the existence of previous acts of aggression as crime qualifying precedent.En la Conferencia de Revisión del Estatuto de Roma, que crea la Corte Penal Internacional, del año 2010, se adoptó un concepto del crimen de agresión que deja múltiples aspectos a la interpretación, por lo que de entrar este en vigencia, los órganos de la Corte al efectuar la cali$cación de un caso concreto deberán, no sólo remitirse al análisis del concepto mismo establecido en Kampala, sino también a sus elaboraciones jurídicas anteriores. El autor indaga respecto de dichos desarrollos como asimismo respecto de las fuentes primarias que la Corte deberá tener presente al momento de calificar el acto, correspondiendo a la Resolución 3314 (XXIX) A.G. de Naciones Unidas y los Estatutos de los Tribunales Militares Internacionales y sus posteriores fallos, ambos antecedentes modelos para la creación del concepto de crimen de agresión de Kampala. Asimismo, se analizan los casos en los cuales los órganos competentes de Naciones Unidas han determinado la existencia de actos de agresión como precedente calificatorio del crimen para la Corte

Degradation Mechanisms of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Cathodes

Oxidkeramische Brennstoffzellen (SOFCs) sind eine Schlüsseltechnologie, um den Übergang von fossilen Energieträgern auf erneuerbare Energien voranzutreiben. Die hohen Betriebstemperaturen und katalytischen Eigenschaften ermöglichen die Verwendung einer Vielzahl von Brennstoffen, und die Kommerzialisierung der SOFCs wird durch verschiedene Förderprogramme weltweit vorangetrieben, wobei die Langzeitstabilität der verwendeten Materialien einen Forschungsschwerpunkt darstellt. In dieser Dissertation werden Degradationsmechanismen auf der Kathodenseite sauerstoffleitender SOFCs beleuchtet. Der Einfluss von Chromoxid auf die Sauerstoffaufnahmefähigkeit des Elektrolytmaterials YSZ und des Kathodenmaterials LSCF wurde mittels Sauerstoff 18 Isotopendiffusion untersucht. Die Auswertung der mittels Sekundärionenmassenspektrometrie (SIMS) gemessenen Diffusionsprofile zeigte dabei die Abhängigkeit des Oberflächenaustauschkoeffizienten keff von der Cr2O3 Schichtdicke und dem Substratmaterial. Weiterhin wurde die Segregation von Sr aus dem Kathodenmaterial LSCF untersucht. Röntgenabsorptionsspektroskopie (XAS) wurde eingesetzt, um Sr an der Oberfläche von Sr im Bulk LSCF zu unterschieden. Zuerst wurde die Säure-Base Reaktion des SrO an der Oberfläche mit gasförmigem Chromoxid genutzt, um die Segregation von Sr in Abhängigkeit der angelegten Zellspannung zu messen. Ein fundamentaler Unterschied zwischen Kathoden und Anoden-Seite lässt dabei Schlussfolgerungen über den Sr Segregationsmechanismus zu. Danach wurde im Rahmen eines neu entwickelten Verfahrens, dem Röntgenabsorptionsmappings (XAM) bzw. der Röntgenabsorptionsmikroskopie, die Sr Segregation in Dünnschichtzellen mit LSCF Kathoden von 10 nm Dicke untersucht. Dabei wurden die Ortsinformationen mit den morphologischen Änderungen der Kathode verknüpft und der Zusammenhang der Sr Segregation mit den lokalen Sauerstoffaustauschvermögen der Versuchsapparatur nachgewiesen. Diese drei Themen zeigen die verschiedenen Arten der Degradation und die Vielfältigen Möglichkeiten auf diese zu untersuchen. Eine Vielzahl Oberflächenanalytischen Untersuchungsmethoden werden dabei kombiniert um ein möglichst komplettes Bild der Kathodendegradation Sauerstoffleitender SOFCs zu erhalten.Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are a key technology for the transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources. The relatively high operating temperatures and the anode’s catalytic activity enable the use of a broad variety of fuels which speeds up their commercialization. However, the issue of relatively high degradation and long-term stability is still an area of intense research, funded by various programs and agencies worldwide. In this Ph.D. thesis the degradation mechanisms of solid oxide fuel cell cathodes (oxygen conduction type) were investigated. First, the influence of chromia on the oxygen uptake of YSZ (an electrolyte material) and LSCF (a cathode material) was measured via oxygen 18 tracer diffusion. The acquired diffusion profiles measured by secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) showed the dependence of the surface exchange coefficient keff on the thickness of a Cr2O3 surface layer and the substrate material. Second, the Sr segregation of LSCF was investigated via x-ray absorption spectroscopy and Sr on the surface was distinguished from the bulk Sr via formation of strontium chromate. The acid-base reaction of gaseous chromia with the SrO on the surface of the sample was used to measure the Sr segregation as a function of applied bias potential. The fundamental difference in the dependence of the cathode and anode side’s segregation in the bias potential gave clues towards the underlying Sr segregation mechanism. Finally, a completely new method, x-ray absorption mapping (XAM) was used to measure the Sr segregation in symmetric model cells with cathode thicknesses of 10 nm. The acquired information about the morphological change of the cathode together with the spatial information across the whole sample surface made the connection of Sr segregation and oxygen exchange in the sample evident. These three topics show not only the various ways of degradation but also the numerous ways to approach these problems using a multitude of surface science techniques and combining them to draw a more complete picture of the cathode degradation

Model building in AdS/CMT: DC conductivity and Hall angle

Using the bottom-up approach in a holographic setting, we attempt to study both the transport and thermodynamic properties of a generic system in 3+1 dimensional bulk spacetime. We show the exact 1/T and $T^2$ dependence of the longitudinal conductivity and Hall angle, as seen experimentally in most copper-oxide systems, which are believed to be close to quantum critical point. This particular temperature dependence to conductivities are possible in two different cases: (1) Background solutions with scale invariant and broken rotational symmetry, (2) solutions with pseudo-scaling and unbroken rotational symmetry but only at low density limit. Generically, the study of the transport properties in a scale invariant background solution, using the probe brane approach, at high density and at low temperature limit suggests us to consider only metrics with two exponents. More precisely, the spatial part of the metric components should not be same i.e., $g_{xx}\neq g_{yy}$. In doing so, we have generated the above mentioned behavior to conductivity with a very special behavior to specific heat which at low temperature goes as: $C_V\sim T^3$. However, if we break the scaling symmetry of the background solution by including a nontrivial dilaton, axion or both and keep the rotational symmetry then also we can generate such a behavior to conductivity but only in the low density regime. As far as we are aware, this particular temperature dependence to both the conductivity and Hall angle is being shown for the first time using holography.Comment: 1+40 pages; v2: Analysis of pseudo-scaling and rotational invariant solutions are added; v3: Improved presentation; v4: Typos fixed and closer to journal versio

How Rural Counties Can Generate Jobs

The findings are presented from a study of the job generating activities of fifteen ruralcounties in southern Maryland and the Delaware Peninsula. Nine specified informants,who were knowledgeable about economic developments, were interviewed ineach county to learn what actions their counties are taking to develop economicallyand how much each activity contributes to jobs. The activities that impacted the moston jobs were industrial parks, economic developments units, and tourism promotion.Other major job generators were a county group for recruiting businesses, specialcapital arrangements, development bonds, location in county of state or federal governmentactivities, and commercial sites. An analysis of county characteristics andactivities related to job generating success is provided

An investigation into the role of pericytes in regulation of vascular morphology and function using murine models of inflammation

PhDLeukocyte recruitment to sites of inflammation is a crucial event in host defense against pathogens and tissue injury. Although there is at present much interest in deciphering the mechanisms of leukocyte transendothelial cell migration, little attention has been paid to the subsequent steps, i.e. leukocyte migration through the pericyte layer and the venular basement membrane. In this context, results from this group previously demonstrated that neutrophils preferentially transmigrate through gaps between adjacent pericytes, regions associated with sites of low matrix protein expression within the vascular basement membrane. The aim of this thesis was to extend these findings by investigating the impact of inflammatory mediators on pericyte morphology and vascular basement membrane deposition using both in vitro and in vivo models. Flow cytometry analysis of pericyte-like C3H/10T1/2 cells and primary lung pericytes revealed the expression of key pro-inflammatory molecules on their surface (including cytokine receptors and adhesion molecules) and the regulation of these molecules upon cytokine stimulation. Using the murine cremaster muscle model it was further demonstrated that key neutrophil chemoattractants (i.e. LTB4, KC, C5a and fMLP) induced neutrophil transmigration that was associated with a change in pericyte morphology (as quantified through enlargement of gaps between adjacent pericytes). These changes in pericyte gap size were neutrophil-dependent and mediated by endogenously generated TNF as demonstrated in neutrophil-depleted mice and TNFR-/- mice, respectively. In addition, TNF appeared to mediate post-inflammatory BM deposition in response to LTB4 and was required for chemoattractant-induced vascular permeability. Hence, the results of the present work have demonstrated the ability of pericytes to respond to both cytokines and chemoattractants, suggesting an active role for pericytes in the regulation of inflammatory responses. In addition, findings provide the first evidence for chemoattractant-induced changes in vascular morphology and barrier functions of venular walls in vivo via the release of endogenous TNF as a secondary mediator, effects that may contribute to the pro-inflammatory properties of these stimuli.British Heart Foundatio