Recursive estimation of possibly misspecified MA(1) models: Convergence of a general algorithm

We introduce a recursive algorithm of conveniently general form for estimating the coefficient of a moving average model of order one and obtain convergence results for both correct and misspecified MA(1) models. The algorithm encompasses Pseudolinear Regression (PLR--also referred to as AML and $RML_1$) and Recursive Maximum Likelihood ($RML_2$) without monitoring. Stimulated by the approach of Hannan (1980), our convergence results are obtained indirectly by showing that the recursive sequence can be approximated by a sequence satisfying a recursion of simpler (Robbins-Monro) form for which convergence results applicable to our situation have recently been obtained.Comment: Published at http://dx.doi.org/10.1214/074921706000000932 in the IMS Lecture Notes Monograph Series (http://www.imstat.org/publications/lecnotes.htm) by the Institute of Mathematical Statistics (http://www.imstat.org

Zea diploperennis: A Primitive Relative Offers New Traits to Improve Corn

Four years ago, a young Mexican botanist made what may someday be recognized as the botanical find of the century. Rafael Guzmán, a student at the University of Guadalajara, was searching for one of the wild relatives of corn in the mountains of southern Mexico. Guzmán was looking for Zea perennis, a perennial teosinte thought to be extinct in the wild since the early 1920\u27s. This primitive corn relative was considered more of a botanical curiosity than a boon to mankind. As a tetraploid, perennial teosinte produces sterile offspring when crossed with corn, a diploid species. Guzmán found perennial teosinte growing in a remote mountain site

The Biology of the Soricidae

The papers published in this volume were originally presented in a symposium entitled The Biology of the Soricidae at the 67th annual meeting of the American Society of Mammalogists, held in June 1987 at the University of New Mexico in Albuquerque. When we organized the symposium, we had two goals in mind. First, we wished to assemble speakers currently studying diverse aspects of soricid biology to enable us to survey the breadth of ongoing research on this relatively little-studied group of small mammals. Second, we hoped to stimulate further research on soricids by highlighting problems and raising questions that can and should be addressed in the future. The papers in this volume deal with current research on the ecology, behavior, physiology, biogeography, and systematics of shrews. Williams examines the distribution of soricids along an altitudinal transect on the western slope of California\\u27s Sierra Nevada, where five species of Sorex occur. He found that in each major vegetational zone, one species dominated the soricid community. This contrasted with the situation on the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada and in other forest communities in North America, where soricid communities may consist of up to five species. Kirkland examines this phenomenon further, seeking to explain the high species richness of many soricid communities. He concludes that, although the small size of shrews may facilitate coexistence by permitting shrews to exploit resources in a more coarse-grained fashion, environmental moisture is the factor that determines resource availability and ultimately the potential richness of soricid communities. Churchfield confirms this observation with a fine-grained analysis of soricid communities consisting of species with varying foraging techniques. Her data also suggest that in more diverse communities dietary generalists may outnumber dietary specialists. McNab contrasts metabolic rates in crocidurine and soricine shrews, demonstrating that soricines are capable of far more precise body temperature regulation than crocidurines. He suggests that this is a direct reflection of the respective distributions of these largely allopatric subfamilies. The predominantly tropical and warm-temperate crocidurines face considerably less environmental stress than soricine shrews, which are largely temperate and sub-boreal in distribution. Merritt and Adamerovich explore the winter physiology of a soricine shrew, Blarina brevicauda, and confirm that this species does not employ torpor or communal nesting to deal with cold winter temperature; however, winter survival is facilitated by prey-caching behavior and the construction of elaborate networks of tunnels at depths that insulate these shrews from cold temperatures. The systematic works examine morphologic variability in two species complexes of Sorex. In an analysis of populations of Sorex cinereus from North America and eastern Siberia, van Zyll de Jong divides the species into three subgroups. The biogeographic history of this species corresponds well to vicariance models of the Pleistocene history of North America and Beringia. George and Smith examine cranial variability in two commonly confused species, Sorex vagrans and S. monticolus, in the Pacific Northwest of North America. They quantify cranial variability within and among populations of each species, documenting an increase in cranial size in populations of S. vagrans on the Gulf and San Juan Islands between Vancouver Island and the mainland. Shrews occupy a broad spectrum of habitats throughout the Holarctic and much of the Old World tropics. They commonly coexist in multispecies communities, despite the fact that (to us) they appear to vary little in size, overall morphology, and ecological strategy. Compared to many other small mammals, shrews are difficult to catch, maintain, and manipulate. As a consequence, relatively little research has been conducted to answer basic questions regarding their ecology, physiology, and systematics. The seven papers included in this volume attempt to explore a few of these questions. We hope that these papers will stimulate the reader to undertake further research in these areas as well as on aspects of soricid biology not addressed in this volume

Energy of the Conduction Band in Near Critical Point Fluids

The study of the evolution of the conduction band in dense gases and supercritical fluids near the critical point has been complicated by a lack of precise experimental measurements. Both photoemission from an electrode immersed in the fluid and field ionization of a molecule doped into the fluid have been used to probe solvent density effects on the energy of an excess electron as a function of fluid number density and temperature. In this perspective, we present recent experimental results that show a strong critical point effect on the minimum conduction band energy near the critical density and temperature of a fluid. We also discuss the recent development of a new theoretical model that advances our understanding of the density and temperature dependence of the conduction band minimum in near critical point fluids

Mass And Heat Transfer Relations In Evaporation Through Porous Membranes

This study concerns rates of evaporation and mass transfer of water vapor from a heated salt solution through a water repellent porous membrane to a cooled water condensate. This transfer is a result of temperature differences and corresponding vapor pressure differences across the membrane. Three groups of experiments were carried out which indicate that the major factor influencing the rates of transfer is diffusion through a stagnant gas in the membrane pores. However, an equation considering film heat transfer coefficients, membrane thermal conductivity, and an empirical correction based on temperature driving force appears to be necessary for representing all the data. The empirical correction appears to be related to internal condensation and possibly diffusion along surfaces. Copyright © 1969 American Institute of Chemical Engineer