Magnetic properties and magnetostructural phase transitions in Ni2+xMn1-xGa shape memory alloys

A systematic study of magnetic properties of Ni2+xMn1-xGa (0 \le x \le 0.19) Heusler alloys undergoing structural martensite-austenite transformations while in ferromagnetic state has been performed. From measurements of spontaneous magnetization, Ms(T), jumps \Delta M at structural phase transitions were determined. Virtual Curie temperatures of the martensite were estimated from the comparison of magnetization in martensitic and austenitic phases. Both saturation magnetic moments in ferromagnetic state and effective magnetic moments in paramagnetic state of Mn and Ni atoms were estimated and the influence of delocalization effects on magnetism in these alloys was discussed. The experimental results obtained show that the shift of martensitic transition temperature depends weakly on composition. The values of this shift are in good correspondence with Clapeyron-Clausius formalism taking into account the experimental data on latent heat at martensite-austenite transformations.Comment: 7 pages, 8 figure

Algebraic Model for scattering in three-s-cluster systems. I. Theoretical Background

A framework to calculate two-particle matrix elements for fully antisymmetrized three-cluster configurations is presented. The theory is developed for a scattering situation described in terms of the Algebraic Model. This means that the nuclear many-particle state and its asymptotic behaviour are expanded in terms of oscillator states of the intra-cluster coordinates. The Generating Function technique is used to optimize the calculation of matrix elements. In order to derive the dynamical equations, a multichannel version of the Algebraic Model is presented.Comment: 20 pages, 1 postscript figure, submitted to Phys. Rev.

Interaction of Radiation and a Relativistic Electron in Motion in a Constant Magnetic Field

The work examines the effect of multiple photon emission on the quantum mechanical state of an electron emitting synchrotron radiation and on the intensity of that radiation. Calculations are done with the variant of perturbation theory based on the use of extended coherent states. A general formula is derived for the number of emitted photons, which allows for taking into account their mutual interaction. A model problem is used to demonstrate the absence of the infrared catastrophe in the modified perturbation theory. Finally, the electron density matrix is calculated, and the analysis of this matrix makes it possible to conclude that the degree of the elecron's spatial localization increases with the passage of time if the electron is being accelerated.Comment: 29 pages, no figure

Técnica, princípios e características de avaliação da eficiência econômica da construção e reconstrução de rodovias

Efficiency assessment technique of capital investments in construction and reconstruction of highways is described in this article. Despite the degree of readiness of the methodical device, specialized construction norms of VSN 21-83 focused on implementation of such assessment were not widely adopted in view of the difficulties arising in the course of collecting basic data, their reliability and quality. The present article contains the characteristics of the grouped components and evaluation criteria, in particular, the description of settlement indicators in a section of the intra-transport, extra-transport and social and economic effects resulting from capital investments in linear objects of road infrastructure. On a concrete example the assessment procedure and calculations of summary economic indicators for groups and for the project in general is shown. What shows is a possibility of application of rather difficult technique and its efficiency as scientific tool of complex assessment for the solution of applied tasks in road construction. And use of departmental construction norms in combination with the dynamic methods of assessment based on the analysis of cash flows can increase substantially scientific validity of administrative decisions and quality of investment projects in the field of development of road infrastructure.En este artículo se describe la técnica de evaluación de la eficiencia de las inversiones de capital en la construcción y reconstrucción de carreteras. A pesar del grado de preparación del dispositivo metódico, las normas de construcción especializadas de VSN 21-83 enfocadas en la implementación de dicha evaluación no se adoptaron ampliamente en vista de las dificultades que surgen en el curso de la recopilación de datos básicos, su confiabilidad y calidad. El presente artículo contiene las características de los componentes agrupados y los criterios de evaluación, en particular, la descripción de los indicadores de asentamiento en una sección del transporte interno, transporte extra y los efectos sociales y económicos resultantes de las inversiones de capital en objetos lineales de infraestructura vial. En un ejemplo concreto se muestra el procedimiento de evaluación y los cálculos de indicadores económicos resumidos para grupos y para el proyecto en general. Lo que muestra es una posibilidad de aplicación de una técnica bastante difícil y su eficiencia como herramienta científica de evaluación compleja para la solución de tareas aplicadas en la construcción de carreteras. Y el uso de normas de construcción departamentales en combinación con los métodos dinámicos de evaluación basados en el análisis de flujos de efectivo puede aumentar sustancialmente la validez científica de las decisiones administrativas y la calidad de los proyectos de inversión en el campo del desarrollo de infraestructura vial.A técnica de avaliação de eficiência de investimentos de capital em construção e reconstrução de rodovias é descrita neste artigo. Apesar do grau de prontidão do dispositivo metódico, normas de construção especializadas do VSN 21-83 voltadas para a implementação de tal avaliação não foram amplamente adotadas em vista das dificuldades surgidas no decorrer da coleta de dados básicos, sua confiabilidade e qualidade. O presente artigo contém as características dos componentes agrupados e critérios de avaliação, em particular, a descrição dos indicadores de liquidação em uma seção dos efeitos intra-transporte, extra-transporte e sociais e econômicos resultantes de investimentos de capital em objetos lineares de infraestrutura rodoviária. Em um exemplo concreto, o procedimento de avaliação e os cálculos de indicadores econômicos resumidos para grupos e para o projeto em geral são mostrados. O que mostra é uma possibilidade de aplicação de técnica bastante difícil e sua eficiência como ferramenta científica de avaliação complexa para a solução de tarefas aplicadas na construção de estradas. E o uso de normas de construção departamental em combinação com os métodos dinâmicos de avaliação com base na análise dos fluxos de caixa pode aumentar substancialmente a validade científica das decisões administrativas e da qualidade dos projetos de investimento no campo do desenvolvimento da infraestrutura rodoviária

Convex ordering and quantification of quantumness

The characterization of physical systems requires a comprehensive understanding of quantum effects. One aspect is a proper quantification of the strength of such quantum phenomena. Here, a general convex ordering of quantum states will be introduced which is based on the algebraic definition of classical states. This definition resolves the ambiguity of the quantumness quantification using topological distance measures. Classical operations on quantum states will be considered to further generalize the ordering prescription. Our technique can be used for a natural and unambiguous quantification of general quantum properties whose classical reference has a convex structure. We apply this method to typical scenarios in quantum optics and quantum information theory to study measures which are based on the fundamental quantum superposition principle.Comment: 9 pages, 2 figures, revised version; published in special issue "150 years of Margarita and Vladimir Man'ko

Age features of O2 mass transfer regimes in adolescents’ body at rest

The results of complex studies of the quantitative relationship between the stage-by-stage mass transfer of O2 and the efficiency of cardiorespiratory system functioning in relation to its consumption in adolescents’ body under conditions of relative rest are presented. The results obtained show that in adolescents, the modes of mass transfer of O2 in the body and the nature of the respiratory and circulatory systems functioning in relation to its consumption have a number of age-related differences compared with adult men. So, in adolescents, the external respiration system at rest functions less economically than in adults. Each liter of O2 consumed by adolescents is extracted from almost 3 liters more than in adults the amount of air ventilated per minute through the lungs. The volumetric indicators of blood circulation are also higher in adolescents, which may indicate the influence of neuro-humoral rearrangements in the body during the pubertal period. The coefficient of oxygen utilization by tissues from arterial blood in adolescents turned out to be significantly higher, which may characterize a higher tension of tissue metabolic processes

Measuring microwave quantum states: tomogram and moments

Two measurable characteristics of microwave one-mode photon states are discussed: a rotated quadrature distribution (tomogram) and normally/antinormally ordered moments of photon creation and annihilation operators. Extraction of these characteristics from amplified microwave signal is presented. Relations between the tomogram and the moments are found and can be used as a cross check of experiments. Formalism of the ordered moments is developed. The state purity and generalized uncertainty relations are considered in terms of moments. Unitary and non-unitary time evolution of moments is obtained in the form of linear differential equations in contrast to partial differential equations for quasidistributions. Time evolution is specified for the cases of a harmonic oscillator and a damped harmonic oscillator, which describe noiseless and decoherence processes, respectively.Comment: 10 pages, 1 figure, to appear in Phys. Rev.