The results of complex studies of the quantitative relationship between the stage-by-stage mass transfer of O2 and the efficiency of cardiorespiratory system functioning in relation to its consumption in adolescents’ body under conditions of relative rest are presented.
The results obtained show that in adolescents, the modes of mass transfer of O2 in the body and the nature of the respiratory and circulatory systems functioning in relation to its consumption have a number of age-related differences compared with adult men. So, in adolescents, the external respiration system at rest functions less economically than in adults. Each liter of O2 consumed by adolescents is extracted from almost 3 liters more than in adults the amount of air ventilated per minute through the lungs. The volumetric indicators of blood circulation are also higher in adolescents, which may indicate the influence of neuro-humoral rearrangements in the body during the pubertal period. The coefficient of oxygen utilization by tissues from arterial blood in adolescents turned out to be significantly higher, which may characterize a higher tension of tissue metabolic processes

Filippov, M.

Ilyin, V.

Klimenko, A.

Komolafe, D.

English

Akademicka Platforma Czasopism

344  Komolafe D. O., Filippov M. M., Ilyin V. N., Klimenko A. V. Age features of O2 mass transfer regimes in adolescents’ body at rest. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2021;11(12):344-349. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2021.11.12.028   https://apcz.umk.pl/JEHS/article/view/JEHS.2021.11.12.028   https://zenodo.org/record/5807992     The journal has had 5 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. § 8. 2) and § 12. 1. 2) 22.02.2019. © The Authors 2021; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited.  The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.  Received: 12.11.2021. Revised: 30.11.2021. Accepted: 28.12.2021.   AGE FEATURES OF O2 MASS TRANSFER REGIMES IN ADOLESCENTS’  BODY AT REST  D. O. Komolafe1, M. M. Filippov1, V. N. Ilyin1, A. V. Klimenko2  1National University of Physical Education and Sports of Ukraine, Kiev; 2Kyiv National Trade and Economic University, Ukraine   Abstarct The results of complex studies of the quantitative relationship between the stage-by-stage mass transfer of O2 and the efficiency of cardiorespiratory system functioning in relation to its consumption in adolescents’ body under conditions of relative rest are presented.  The results obtained show that in adolescents, the modes of mass transfer of O2 in the body and the nature of the respiratory and circulatory systems functioning in relation to its consumption have a number of age-related differences compared with adult men. So, in adolescents, the external respiration system at rest functions less economically than in adults. Each liter of O2 consumed by adolescents is extracted from almost 3 liters more than in adults the amount of air ventilated per minute through the lungs. The volumetric indicators of blood circulation are also higher in adolescents, which may indicate the influence of neuro-humoral rearrangements in the body during the pubertal period. The coefficient of oxygen utilization by tissues from arterial blood in adolescents turned out to be significantly higher, which may characterize a higher tension of tissue metabolic processes. Key words: O2 mass transfer regime; cardiorespiratory system functioning; adolescents at rest 345  Introduction. Advances in physiology [1, 5], biochemistry [6], laws of chemistry, e.g. Avogadro's law, and advances in other natural sciences have made it possible to approach the assessment of individual stages of mass transfer of respiratory gases in humans of different ages, sex, state of physical fitness, different functional states. The conditions that ensure the correspondence of the stage-by-stage mass transfer of O2 to the oxygen demand of the body have not yet been fully elucidated. The vast literature provides a huge amount of information about the functions of the adolescent's organism both at rest and during physical activity. The neurohumoral restructuring of vital processes occurring in the body of adolescents has a significant impact on regulatory changes in both somatic and vegetative processes [7, 8]. At the same time, the characteristics of general gas exchange, respiratory function of blood, various indicators of the cardiovascular system, metabolic metabolism in adolescents have been studied quite well [9]. However, very few scientific works are devoted to the analysis of  efficiency and economy of the external respiration and blood circulation functions, which ensure the gradual movement of O2 in adolescents’ body. There are practically no data on the quantitative characteristics of the intake of O2 into the lungs, alveoli, blood, transport of its arterial and mixed venous blood, as well as the ability of tissues to utilize the delivered O2. In a complex system of oxygen supply to tissues, oxygen transport function of blood is of particular importance [10]. Despite the fact that it is one of the main factors on which the provision of O2 delivery to oxygen demand depends, it has not been studied enough in adolescents. An integrated approach makes it possible to quantitatively and qualitatively assess the process [10] of the stage-by-stage mass transfer of O2 in the body and the conditions that ensure its promotion and utilization which is a great importance. The purpose. To assess quantitatively and qualitatively the conditions of mass transfer of O2 in the body of adolescents in a state of relative rest. Organization and research methods. 14 adolescents aged 14-15 years old (weight 57.5 kg) and 13 adult men aged 22-26 years old (weight 71.7 kg) have been examined. The persons under examination were not actively involved in sports. The study of the parameters obtained were recorded at rest in a sitting position after 10 minutes of rest. A complex systemic approach was used to assess the nature of the relationship between the economy of the respiratory and circulatory systems relative to the gradual promotion of O2 in the body and its consumption [11]. 346  All the subjects (or their parents) gave informed consent to participate in the examination and process their personal data (Order of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine dated January 21, 2016 N 29). The examinatione were done in compliance with moral and ethical principles in accordance with the main provisions of the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki (1994, 2000, 2008) and the positive decision of the Commission on Bioethics of National University of Physical Education and Sports of Ukraine (Kiev).  Statistical processing of the experimental material obtained was carried out with the use of standard application programs "Windows-XP" and "Microsoft Excel". Results and its discussion. The first stage of O2 entry into the body is the external respiration system. The researches carried out and the analysis of the results obtained showed that adolescents in a state of relative rest have higher values of pulmonary and alveolar ventilation, respiratory volume and frequency of respiratory cycles (Table 1) than adult men have, although the ratio of alveolar ventilation to the pulmonary turned out to be significantly lower. This indicated that although the regulatory effect on the external respiration system is activated in adolecents to a greater extent than in adults, the efficiency of gas exchange processes has not yet reached the levels of the latter.   Table 1. External respiration indicators in adolescents and adults at rest Age groups Ve - pulmonary ventilation, ml / min Va - alveoli. ventilation, ml / min Va / Ve, % Vt –res. volume, ml F - respiratory rate. in min Adolescents 1097.5 ±743.0* 7958.5 ± 467* 73.0* ± 1.9 649.0 ± 90 16.8 ± 1.27 Adults 8000.3 ±607.4 6246.9 ± 560 78.0 ± 1.2 555.5 ± 120 14.4 ± 1.83 Note: * - the difference is reliable  A similar picture is observed when analyzing the functioning of the hemodynamic system (Table 2). All volumetric indicators of blood circulation, although unreliable, turned out to be larger in adolescents, which could indicate the influence of neuro-humoral rearrangements in the body during pubertal period of a body's development [2, 3, 4].  Table 2. Hemodynamic parameters in adolescents and adults at rest Age groups Minute blood volume, ml / min Systolic blood volume, ml Heart rate, beats/min Adolescents 6329.0 ± 349.0 73.4 ± 4.03 * 86.8 ±3.71 Adults 5327.0 ± 161.8 63.7 ± 4.48 * 83.7 ± 5.6 Note: * - the difference is reliable 347  It was also revealed that the intensity of O2 consumption in adolescents at rest is higher than in adults (Table 3). Similarly, the entire process of the stage-by-stage mass transfer of O2 in the adolescents' body turned out to be higher. The volumetric O2 mass transfer rate by arterial blood exceeded its consumption in both adolescents and adults by approximately the same (3.82 and 3.84 times, respectively), while the values of its consumption were different. It was transported by mixed venous blood in adolescents and adults in 2.84 times more than consumed (that is, the O2 residue was almost 3 times higher than its use).  Table 3. O2 mass transfer parameters in adolescents and adults at rest Age groups O2 transfer in the body, ml / min х kg  Consumed O2 O2 entry into lungs Transfer of O2 into alveoli O2 transport  by arterial blood O2 transport  by venous blood Adolescents 5.65± 0.25* 32.61± 1.99* 25.4 ± 1.35* 25.4 ± 1.1* 14.8 ± 1.01* Adults 3.64 ± 0.34 18.9 ± 1.94 14.9 ± 1.71 13.8 ± 0.85 10.2 ± 0.54 Note: * - the difference is reliable  Despite the fact that adolescents had higher values of O2 consumption and its entry into the lungs, the coefficient of O2 utilization in the lungs was lower in them than in adults (Table 4). At the same time, the ventilation equivalent in adolescents was significantly higher. This indicated that each liter of consumed O2 was extracted by almost 3 liters per minute more than in adults the amount of air ventilated through the lungs. Thus, the characteristics presented indicate that the external respiration system in adolescents at rest functions less economically than in adults.  Table 4. Respiratory system economy in terms of O2 consumption Age groups Indicators  Coefficient of O2 use in the lungs, %  O2 - respiratory effect cycle, ml O2 / resp.cycle Ventilation equivalent, CU Adolescents 17.4 ± 0.52 22.9 ± 3.45 30.4 ± 0.82* Adults 19.8 ± 0.78 23.5 ± 4.42 27.6 ± 1.09 Note: * - the difference is reliable  In contrast to the respiratory system, the functioning of the circulatory system in adolescents relatively to the consumption of O2 did not differ so significantly (Table 5). There 348  were no significant differences in the values of O2 effect of the cardiac cycle (oxygen pulse), the hemodynamic equivalent turned out to be practically the same - each liter of consumed O2 consumed was extracted by tissues from approximately 20 liters of blood flowing through them per minute.  Table 5. Circulatory system economy in terms of O2 consumption Age groups Indicators  Coefficient of O2 utilization by tissues, % O2 - effect of cardiac cycle, ml O2 / heart rate Hemodynamic equivalent, CU Adolescents 26.3 ± 1.28* 3.77 ± 0.37 19.8 ± 0.97 Adults 25.0 ± 0.79 3.16 ± 0.32 20.7 ± 0.74 Note: * - the difference is reliable  With such a similarity of indicators, the coefficient of oxygen utilization by tissues from arterial blood in adolescents was significantly higher, which could indicate a higher tension of tissue metabolic processes [6]. O2 partial pressure (PO2) in the alveolar air, arterial and mixed venous blood in adolescents was within the normal range for a given age (in the alveoli - 111.2 ± 0.08 mm Hg, which is slightly higher than in adults, in arterial blood it was 90.1 ± 1.38 and in mixed venous blood - 37.1 ± 0.64 mm Hg). Conclusions. Thus, the results of the study obtained under conditions of relative rest showed that the nature of the mass transfer of O2 and the functioning of the cardiorespiratory system in relation to its consumption in adolescents had a number of age differences in comparison with adult men. Critical periods switch the body to a new level of ontogenesis, create a morphological and functional basis for the existence of an organism in new conditions of life (for example, the activation of certain genes ensures the emergence of a transitional period in adolescents), and sensitive periods adapt the functioning of the body to these conditions (restructuring processes in various organs and systems are optimized,  the coordination of the activity of various functional systems is being established, adaptation to physical and mental stress at this new level of the organism's existence is ensured). This is the reason of the high sensitivity of the organism to external influences in sensitive periods of development [9]. As a continuation of our study, it is supposed to analyze the age-related characteristics of changes in O2 mass transfer in the body of adolescents with muscle activity of varying intensity. 349  References: 1. Age physiology. Guide to Physiology.- Leningrad: Nauka, 1975.-692 p. (4) 2. Age physiology / Under the editorship of Y. Ermolaev. / –M.: Nauka, 2003.-420p. (10) 3. Volkov L.V. Fundamentals of sports training for children and children-Kiev: Vishcha school, 1993.-153 p. (eleven) 4. Karpman V.L., Lyubina V.G. Dynamics of blood circulation in athletes. - M.: FiS, 1982 .-- 135s. (2) 5. Korkushko O. In particular, the reaction of the cardio-respiratory system to hypoxia / O. V. Korkushko, A. V. Pisaruk, V. Yu. Lishnevska [and] // Physiological journal. ─ 2005. - T. 51., No. 6 ─ S. 11-17. (one) 6. 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Age features of O2 mass transfer regimes in adolescents’ body at rest

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Age features of O2 mass transfer regimes in adolescents’ body at rest

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