Using Gramsci

This is a new approach to one of the greatest political theorists, Antonio Gramsci. Gramsci’s Prison Notebooks are one of the most popular Marxist texts available and continue to inspire readers across the world. Here, Michele Filippini proposes a new approach based on the analysis of previously ignored concepts in his works, creating a book which stands apart. Including chapters on ideology, the individual, collective organisms, society, crisis and temporality, Using Gramsci offers a new pattern in Gramscian studies aimed to speak to the broader audience of social sciences scholars beyond the field of political theory and Marxism, while remaining firmly rooted in his writings. Working from the original Italian texts, Filippini also examines the more traditional areas of Gramsci’s thought, including hegemony, organic intellectuals and civil society. This book will be perfect for all scholars and students of Gramsci’s thought

Mario Tronti et l’opéraïsme politique des années soixante

L’expérience politique et intellectuelle de l’opéraïsme italien peut désormais être à juste titre considérée comme faisant partie des « classiques » du marxisme du XXème siècle. Son legs pratique et théorique a été « socialisé » et fréquemment « ré-élaboré » par les luttes sociales et par les lectures dont celles-ci ont fait l’objet, en dépassant les confins de l’Italie et en contaminant d’autres contextes. De ce point de vue, l’histoire de l’opéraïsme est essentiellement une histoire victori..

Mario Tronti e l’operaismo politico degli anni Sessanta

Le texte reconstruit la généalogie de l’opéraïsme italien, notamment de sa première période « classique », entre 1956 et 1967. Il s’agit d’une opéraïsme politique, lié, quoique de manière hétérodoxe, au mouvement ouvrier. C’est une période riche en ambiguïté, mais qui assiste à l’essor de toutes les créations théoriques de courant marxiste-critique. Mario Tronti incarne cette séquence, qui, elle, marque non seulement l’essor d’une conflictualité de classe parmi les plus puissantes du XX siècle, mais aussi un « style de pensée » qui va au-delà de l’opéraïsme proprement dit.Il saggio ricostruisce la genealogia teorico-politica dell’operaismo italiano, in particolare la sua prima fase di sviluppo, quella considerata classica, dal 1959 al 1967. L’operaismo che emerge in questa fase aurorale è un operaismo politico, ovvero strettamente legato, pur nella sua radicale eterodossia, al movimento operaio e alle sue istituzioni. È questa una fase ricca di ambiguità, ma che allo stesso tempo dà vita a quasi tutte le innovazioni teoriche di questa corrente del marxismo eterodosso. Mario Tronti è il simbolo di questa prima fase, una fase che segna, oltre a una stagione tra le più calde del conflitto di classe novecentesco, anche la nascita di un vero e proprio “modo di pensare” : un “pensare operaista” anche oltre l’operaismo

Per la critica del concetto di rivoluzione

Attraverso l'analisi di una determinata configurazione capitalistica - quella fordista - per come l'ha analizzata Antonio Gramsci, il saggio si concentra sulle nuove configurazioni del capitalismo contemporaneo e cerca di sviluppare “contro-storia politica delle rivoluzioni tecnologiche”

The Intellectual Origins of the Italian Revolution: 1968 and its Genesis

‘68 in Italy, compared to the same movement in other European countries, is characterized by its long duration and its particular intensity. It is in fact a movement that has produced powerful and lasting effects on the Italian society for at least a decade, as it is visible in its central presence in the historical memory of the country, still today. But the outbreak of ‘68, like the social and legislative achievements of the 70s, owe their conditions of possibility to a break – a political break but above all a theoretical break – which occurred earlier, at the beginning of the 1960s. Going back to the genesis of the breakdown of the conservative imagery of the 1950s, while being an operation of intellectual history, can be useful to investigate how the “theoretical novelty” emerges, in this case through a break with its own tradition, albeit aiming to its reactivation

Use of Carbon Nitrides as Photoactive Supports in Single‐Atom Heterogeneous Catalysis for Synthetic Purposes

In recent years, the field of dual photocatalysis has become an increasingly popular tool for the functionalization of organic substrates under mild operative conditions. Single-atom heterogeneous catalysts (SACs), where the metal atoms are stabilized by means of properly structured photoactive supports, are currently one of the frontiers of this research field. To this end, Carbon Nitrides (CNs) have emerged as ideal two-dimensional semiconducting supports, capable of stabilizing single metal sites (for instance: nickel, iron, among other) through nitrogen-rich structures. This Concept highlights the recent advances in the synthesis of carbon nitride-based SACs and their applications in light-driven dual-catalytic processes, also providing forward-looking opportunities within this research area

The Nickel Age in Synthetic Dual Photocatalysis: A Bright Trip Toward Materials Science

Recently, the field of dual photocatalysis has grown rapidly, to become one of the most powerful tools for the functionalization of organic molecules under mild conditions. In particular, the merging of Earth-abundant nickel-based catalytic systems with visible-light-activated photoredox catalysts has allowed the development of a number of unique green synthetic approaches. This goes in the direction of ensuring an effective and sustainable chemical production, while safeguarding human health and environment. Importantly, this relatively new branch of catalysis has inspired an interdisciplinary stream of research that spans from inorganic and organic chemistry to materials science, thus establishing itself as one dominant trend in modern organic synthesis. This Review aims at illustrating the milestones on the timeline evolution of the photocatalytic systems used, with a critical analysis toward novel applications based on the use of photoactive two-dimensional carbon-based nanostructures. Lastly, forward-looking opportunities within this intriguing research field are discussed

Morphology and Light‐Dependent Spatial Distribution of Spin Defects in Carbon Nitride

Carbon nitride (CN) is a heterogeneous photocatalyst that combines good structural properties and a broad scope. The photocatalytic efficiency of CN is associated with the presence of defective and radical species. An accurate description of defective states—both at a local and extended level—is key to develop a thorough mechanistic understanding of the photophysics of CN. In turn, this will maximise the generation and usage of photogenerated charge carriers and minimise wasteful charge recombination. Here the influence of morphology and light-excitation on the number and chemical nature of radical defects is assessed. By exploiting the magnetic dipole-dipole coupling, the spatial distribution of native radicals in CN is derived with high precision. From the analysis an average distance in the range 1.99–2.34 nm is determined, which corresponds to pairs of radicals located approximately four tri-s-triazine units apart

A Path Relinking Method for the Joint Online Scheduling and Capacity Allocation of DL Training Workloads in GPU as a Service Systems

The Deep Learning (DL) paradigm gained remarkable popularity in recent years. DL models are used to tackle increasingly complex problems, making the training process require considerable computational power. The parallel computing capabilities offered by modern GPUs partially fulfill this need, but the high costs related to GPU as a Service solutions in the cloud call for efficient capacity planning and job scheduling algorithms to reduce operational costs via resource sharing. In this work, we jointly address the online capacity planning and job scheduling problems from the perspective of cloud end-users. We present a Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) formulation, and a path relinking-based method aiming at optimizing operational costs by (i) rightsizing Virtual Machine (VM) capacity at each node, (ii) partitioning the set of GPUs among multiple concurrent jobs on the same VM, and (iii) determining a due-date-aware job schedule. An extensive experimental campaign attests the effectiveness of the proposed approach in practical scenarios: costs savings up to 97% are attained compared with first-principle methods based on, e.g., Earliest Deadline First, cost reductions up to 20% are obtained with respect to a previously proposed Hierarchical Method and up to 95% against a dynamic programming-based method from the literature. Scalability analyses show that systems with up to 100 nodes and 450 concurrent jobs can be managed in less than 7 seconds. The validation in a prototype cloud environment shows a deviation below 5% between real and predicted costs