Gender Wage Gap in Expectation and Realizations

none2noneFilippin A. ; Ichino A.Filippin A. ; Ichino A

Time-Based Formulation Strategies for Colon Drug Delivery

Despite poor absorption properties, delivery to the colon of bioactive compounds administered by the oral route has become a focus of pharmaceutical research over the last few decades. In particular, the high prevalence of Inflammatory Bowel Disease has driven interest because of the need for improved pharmacological treatments, which may provide high local drug concentrations and low systemic exposure. Colonic release has also been explored to deliver orally biologics having gut stability and permeability issues. For colon delivery, various technologies have been proposed, among which time-dependent systems rely on relatively constant small intestine transit time. Drug delivery platforms exploiting this physiological feature provide a lag time programmed to cover the entire small intestine transit and control the onset of release. Functional polymer coatings or capsule plugs are mainly used for this purpose, working through different mechanisms, such as swelling, dissolution/erosion, rupturing and/or increasing permeability, all activated by aqueous fluids. In addition, enteric coating is generally required to protect time-controlled formulations during their stay in the stomach and rule out the influence of variable gastric emptying. In this review, the rationale and main delivery technologies for oral colon delivery based on the time-dependent strategy are presented and discussed

Gender Wage Gap in Expectations and Realizations

Realized wages are affected by investments and signals concerning productivity, which workers undertake on the basis of expectations on future job prospects. Thus, the gender wage gap is also likely to depend on workers' expectations. Using data on wage expectations of students and wage realizations of graduates from the same University (Bocconi, Italy), we show that the expected gender gap one year after graduation is consistent with the realized gap. There is instead a misperception later in the career because students expect the gap to be roughly constant while realizations indicate an increasing gap with experience. There is also evidence that the gender gap at the beginning of a career is particularly high in the most recent cohorts and lower in the previous ones. Finally, our results suggest that the careers of females are characterized by "glass ceilings" in particular at high skill levels, and by "sticky floors" at the opposite end of the skill spectrum

Self-Assembly of the Nonplanar Fe(III) Phthalocyanine Small-Molecule: Unraveling the Impact on the Magnetic Properties of Organic Nanowires

International audienc