Evaluation and Comparison of Overland Flow and Slow Rate Systems to Upgrade Secondary Wastewater Lagoon Effluent

To evaluate the effectiveness of overland flow treatment in upgrading secondary wastewater lagoon effluent, three 15 x 36 m plots on a 2.5 percent slope were constructed and sown for a high density vegetative cover using Reed Canary grass. Wastewater was applied to the upper end of each plot at rates of 7.5, 15, and 22.5 cm/wk. Results from the overland flow system investigation were compared with similar data obtained the preceding year from an existing slow rate land application system on an adjacent site. Secondary effluent from the same lagoon system was applied to the slow rate system study area. After evaluating influent and effluent water quality characteristics from both systems, site specific efficiencies were detailed. Overland flow as a tertiary treatment process may not be suitable to satisfy future discharge standards because of the minimum biochemical oxygen demand and suspended solids effluent concentrations that are attainable. Overland flow could be used as a nitrification-dentrification process if land costs were sufficiently low. The flow rate system can be an excellent tertiary treatment method if the groundwater is protected and no subsurface water collection and discharge is required. If a discharge is required, organic carbon and nutrient concentartions might be unacceptable depending upon initial site soil conditions

Disposal Alternatives for Intermittent Sand Filter Scrapings Utilization and Sand Recovery

A three phase study is used to develop disposal alternatives and cost analysis for algae laden sand scrapings removed from intermittent sand filters used to polish wastewater lagoon effluent. Phase I, Irrigation Technique, explores the feasibility of supplying sufficient water to sand scrapings to leach out entrapped material. Details of removal with amount of water applied are presented. Phase II, Soil Application, tests with lysimeters soil response to application of the algae laden sand material. Physical and chemical parameters are not markedly altered where algae laden sand is applied to the soil surface. Phase III, Plant Bioassays, grew tall fescue on lysimeters which had algae laden sand scrapings applied and compared this growth response with lysimeters having no additives to a clay soil and lysimeters having ammonium nitrate added as fertilizer. Results indicate that all three disposal alternatives are viable recourses for sewage sand filter sand deposition and utilization. Cost analyses indicate that an irrigation technique may be less expensive

Evaluation of Livestock Runoff as a Source of Water Pollution in Northern Utah

A mathematical model was developed to predict the impact of dairy and beef cattle feedlot runoff on receiving streams. The mathematical expressions used in the model describing runoff quantity and quality were not only a function of single rain or snow precipitation events but also consecutive events prior to the runoff occurrence. The runoff quantity and quality were also a function of feedlot surface. Computer simualtions indicate that pollutants from feedlot runoff may have a significant impact on receiving streams during winter months. Runoff from feedlots located within the study area, however, had little impact on water quality in the summer. The computer imulations were compared with field data collected within a subdrainage system of Cache Valley, Utah. Concentrations of pollutants within the streams were higher in summer. This is believed due to mixing of stored pollutants in the stream sediments with the overlying water

Upgrading Aerated Lagoon Effluent with Intermittent Sand Filtration

Intermittent sand filtration was evaluated as a means of upgrading the quality of aerated lagoon effluents to satisfy the requirements of PL 92-500. The aerated lagoon in question treats the wastes from a milk and cheese factory located in northern Utah. The treatment system consists of two diffused air aeration ponds followed by a facultative settling pond, were applied to pilot scale intermittent sand filters with 0.17 mm and 0.40 mm effective size sands. The filters were loaded hydraulically from 0.25 million gallons per acre per day to 1.0 million gallons per acre per day. It was found that sand size has a profound effect on the quality of effluent produced by filtration. Also, sand size was related to the time of operation before plugging occurred. At the levels of application studied, hydraulic loading rate was found to affect BOD removal regardless of influent concentration. However, effluent suspended and volatile suspended solids concentrations reflected changes in influent concentrations regardless of hydraulic loading rate. It was found that filtration of facultative settling pond effluent provided better removals than direct filtration of aerated lagoon effluent using equivalent sand sixes and hydraulic loading rates. It was concluded that intermittent sand filtration was capable of upgrading the effluent from aerated lagoons to meet present and future discharge requirements when effluent from the facultative settling pond was applied to 0.17 mm effective size sand

An Evaluation of the Performance of a Modified Overland Flow Wastewater Treatment System: Sloped Rock-Grass Filtration

The effectiveness of a sloped rock-grass filtration system in treating municipal wastewater was tested on a 24 m by 36 m (80 ft by 120 ft) slope on a 2.5 percent grade sown with a mixture of rye grass, fescue grass, and bluegrass. The field was divided into six plots, each approximately 3.5 m wide and 36 m long. Three of the plots (slope-rock) were constructed with 9 m of gravel, 7.6 cm deep, on the upper reaches of the slope. Raw (screened, degritted) municipal wastewater from Hyrum, Utah, was applied to the slope-rock sections at application rates of 13 and 20 cm/wk the first year of operation (June through October 1979) and 23, 41, and 51 cm/wk the second year (June through October 1980). The other three plots were constructed as conventional overland flow slopes. Wastewater was applied at rates of 13 and 20 cm/wk the first year and 23, 41, adn 57 cm/wk the second year. The gravel layer increased infiltration and, therefore, decreased the amount of wastewater effluent recovered. The gravel also increased wastewater detention times on the treatment slopes. In general, the slope-rock sections acheived higher mass removal associated with greater water losses. However, the gravel layer had no statistically significant effect, at the 95 percent confidence level, on the concentration of pollutants. On a concentation basis, BOD5 removal for the test sections were 87 to 93 percent. BOD5 effluent averages ranges from 6 to 12 mg/1. Mean effluent suspended solids ranged from 5 to 9 mg/1. Even at the highest hydraulic laoding rate (57 cm/wk), effluent quality met the 1985 State of Utah effluent limits. Total phospohorus reductions were only 20 to 33 percent. Orthophosphate concentrations increased on all slopes. Ammonia removals, 69 to 93 percent, were achieved at the lower loadings (13 cm/wk, 20 cm/wk and 23 cm/wk). The highest loading (57 cm/wk) exhibited 33 to 43 percent removal. Nitrification of ammonia occurred on all the slopes. Fecal coliforms were reduced by as much as 99 percent on some of the slopes, but effluent fecal coliforms were not reduced below 10^4 colonies/100 ml. Harvesting temporarily decreased system performance. Effluent BOD5 and suspended solids concentrations, however, still did not violate effluent discharge limits (i.e., 15 mg/1 BOD5, and 10 mg/1 SS, 30 day average) for the State of Utah

The Water Requirements and Pollutant Potential in the Gasification of Carbonaceous Shales

A laboratory-scale, batch operated gasifier was used to evaluate the heating value, process and cooling water requirements, and water pollution potential of gasification of carbonaceous shales. These potentially valuable fossil fuels are found over large areas of Southern and Eastern Utah and vary widely in quality depending on the amount of intermixed inorganic material. The results indicate that a synthesis gas, consisting primarily of hydrogen and carbon monoxide, can be produced from carbonaceous shales. The total heating values of the synthesis gas from the carbon shales examined ranged from 4 to 62 percent of that of coal. The process water requirements per unit of heaing value obtained for gasification of the carbonaceous shales tended to be 5 to 15 percent higher than that for coal. Cooling water requirements were similarly higher due to the greater quantity of ask quenching water needed for the shales. The quantity of phenols, ammonia-N, and total organic carbon produced from the gasification of coal was significantly greater than for either of the shales, when compared on a mass basis. Differences in process condensate constituents, such as mutagenicity and trace elements, were also determined for the coal and shale samples

First-in-Man Phase I Trial of the Selective MET Inhibitor Tepotinib in Patients with Advanced Solid Tumors.

PurposeTepotinib is an oral, potent, highly selective MET inhibitor. This first-in-man phase I trial investigated the MTD of tepotinib to determine the recommended phase II dose (RP2D).Patients and methodsPatients received tepotinib orally according to one of three dose escalation regimens (R) on a 21-day cycle: R1, 30-400 mg once daily for 14 days; R2, 30-315 mg once daily 3 times/week; or R3, 300-1,400 mg once daily. After two cycles, treatment could continue in patients with stable disease until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. The primary endpoint was incidence of dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) and treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAE). Secondary endpoints included safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and antitumor effects.ResultsOne hundred and forty-nine patients received tepotinib (R1: n = 42; R2: n = 45; R3: n = 62). Although six patients reported DLTs [one patient in R1 (115 mg), three patients in R2 (60, 100, 130 mg), two patients in R3 (1,000, 1,400 mg)], the MTD was not reached at the highest tested dose of 1,400 mg daily. The RP2D of tepotinib was established as 500 mg once daily, supported by translational modeling data as sufficient to achieve ≥95% MET inhibition in ≥90% of patients. Treatment-related TEAEs were mostly grade 1 or 2 fatigue, peripheral edema, decreased appetite, nausea, vomiting, and lipase increase. The best overall response in R3 was partial response in two patients, both with MET overexpression.ConclusionsTepotinib was well tolerated with clinical activity in MET-dysregulated tumors. The RP2D of tepotinib was established as 500 mg once daily. MET abnormalities can drive tumorigenesis. This first-in-man trial demonstrated that the potent, highly selective MET inhibitor tepotinib can reduce or stabilize tumor burden and is well tolerated at doses up to 1,400 mg once daily. An RP2D of 500 mg once daily, as determined from translational modeling and simulation integrating human population pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data in tumor biopsies, is being used in ongoing clinical trials

Evaluation of In-line Direct Filtration for Virus Removal

The purposes of this study were to evaluate virus removal in treatment of water supplies by an in-line direct filtration pilot plant system and to suggest a system design to enhance virus removal. Isotherm and jar tests were conducted to evaluate the effects of pH, sodium ion concentration, and coagulants (alum and cationic polyelectrolytes Cat-Floc T, Nalco 8102, and 8103) on the bacteriophage MS2 contained in water. Isotherm studies were also conducted to assess the kinetic adsorption of MS2 to sand, anthracite, and garnet. Rapid sand, dual-media, and multi-media filters were tested in continuous in-line direct filtration operations. Approximately 95 percent reduction in virus concentration was observed at pH 9. Zero to 0.5 mg/1 of sodium ion present in water had no significant effect on the virus. Alum dosages below 20 mg/1 did not remove the bacteriophase MS2 from water, whereas 50 mg/1 of alum removed 98 percent of the virus. Two mg/1 of Nalco 8101 (the most efficient cationic polyelectrolyte with respect to virus removal) aggregated 96 percent of the virus. Sand and garnet were not foind effective in virus removal from water by the isotherm tests. Anthracite, however, removed approximately 93 percent of the virus in 2 hours. Based on the continuous filtration experiment, it was concluded that in-line direct filtration cannot be counted on to remove virus from water. In-line direct filtration, however, met the effluent turbidity standard of less than 1 NTU. No correlation existed between turbidity breakthrough and birus breakthrough in the effluent. Furthermore, these experiments showed that the effluent quality with respect to both turbidity and virus did not change when hydraulic loading rate was increased from 7.3 to 12.2 m^3/hour/m^2. On a more promising note, addition of 2 mg/1 of Nalco 8101 to the rapid mix basin was suggested as a potential means of virus removal in a water treatment system