197 research outputs found

    Determination of meteor flux distribution over the celestial sphere

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    A new method of determination of meteor flux density distribution over the celestial sphere is discussed. The flux density was derived from observations by radar together with measurements of angles of arrival of radio waves reflected from meteor trails. The role of small meteor showers over the sporadic background is shown

    Some features of hydrolysis of the hybrid B-Z-form dna by serratia marcescens nuclease

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    Highly polymerized herring testis DNA of the random nucleotide sequence was used as a model of natural substrate to study some features of hydrolysis of the hybrid B-Z form with Serratia marcescens nuclease. The hybrid B-Z-form was formed upon addition of 1.15. M MgSO4 and 0.421 mM Co(NH3)6Cl3. The DNA transition from the right handed B-form to the hybrid B-Z-form caused a decrease in Vmax of DNA cleavage with the nuclease. The diminishing Vmax was consistent with diminishing values of Km and Kcat. The binding of Mg2+ or Co(NH3)6 3+ to highly polymerized DNA caused correspondingly about 80-or 7-fold decrease in Km and more than 1600 or 600 decrease in Kcat compared with that of Mg-DNA complex of B-form. Β© 2014 Science Publication

    Ultraviolet photometry of Venus: Scattering layer above the absorbing clouds

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    Experimental measurements by ultraviolet photometers aboard Venera-9 and -10 are presented, discussed, and compared with various theoretical models of the ultraviolet structure of the atmosphere of Venus. The model in best agreement with observation provides for a finely dispersed, 8 km thick Rayleigh scattering layer above the primary cloud cover. Dark contrast details are considered to be breaks or areas of lower optical thickness in the upper scattering layer

    Action of hexaamminecobalt on the activity of Serratia marcescens nuclease

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    Using CD spectroscopic and kinetic analysis, a refined mechanism of Co(NH3)6 3+ action on activity of Serratia marcescens nuclease was elucidated. The mechanism was identical with previously found mechanisms of Mg2+ and C7H5O2Hg+. Similarly to Mg2+ and C7H5O2Hg+, Co(NH3)6 3+ binding to the DNA substrate induced changes in the secondary structure which resulted in changes of the enzymatic activity of the S. marcescens nuclease. Upon binding of 0.03 Co(NH3)6 3+ per DNA phosphate, highly polymerized DNA displayed A-form characteristics. The DNA transition from B-form to A-form intermediate was followed by a decrease of the nuclease activity. The diminishing nuclease activity was consistent with diminishing values of Km and Kcat. Co(NH3)6 3+ binding to the highly polymerized DNA caused a 1.7-2.8-fold decrease in Km, and 13.3-19.9 decrease in Vmax compared with Mg-DNA complex. A vast excess of Co(NH3)63+ did not affect the activity of S. marcescens nuclease if the DNA in the assay mixture remained in its B-form conformation. Preincubation of S. marcescens nuclease with Co(NH3)6 3+ did not influence the tertiary structure of the enzyme

    Π‘ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Π· Ρ– Π°Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΠΌΡ–ΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠ±Π½Π° Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½Ρ–ΡΡ‚ΡŒ гСксамСтилСн-N-ΠΌΠ°Π»Π΅Ρ—Π½Ρ–ΠΌΡ–Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΡ…Ρ–Π΄Π½ΠΈΡ… спіроіндол- 3,3’-ΠΏΡ–Ρ€ΠΎΠ»ΠΎ[3,4-с]ΠΏΡ–Ρ€ΠΎΠ»Ρƒ

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    Aim. To synthesize a series of hexamethylene-N-maleinimidospiroindole-3,3’-pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole derivatives, study the antimicrobial activity of the compounds synthesized and compare their antimicrobial activity with the antimicrobial activity of the bis-analogs previously synthesized.Materials and methods. The methods of organic synthesis, instrumental methods for determination of the molecular structure of organic compounds, agar well diffusion method were used.Experimental part. The interaction of isatins with a-amino acids and 1,6-bismaleinimidohexane in the equimolar ratio led to formation of 1β€²-(hexamethylene-N-maleinimido)-2aβ€²,5aβ€²-dihydro-1β€²H-spiroindol-3,3β€²-pyrrolo[3,4-c] pyrrol-2,2β€²,6β€²(1H,3β€²H,5β€²H)-trion derivatives. The structure of the compounds synthesized was reliably proven by the instrumental methods. Data of the microbiological screening showed a high level of the antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans fungi.Conclusions. It has been determined that the three-component condensation reaction of isatins with Ξ±-amino acids and 1,6-bismaleinimidohexane in the equimolar ratio is an efficient synthetic method of 1β€²-(hexamethylene-N-maleinimido)-2aβ€²,5aβ€²-dihydro-1β€²H-spiroindol-3,3β€²-pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrol-2,2β€²,6β€²(1H,3β€²H,5β€²H)-trion derivatives, which reveal a high level of the antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans fungi. 1’-(Hexamethylene-N-maleiimido)-5’-methyl-2a’,5a’-dihydro-1’H-spiroindol-3,3’-pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrol-2,2’,6’(1H,3’H,5’H)-trione has shown the highest antimicrobial activity among derivatives of hexamethylene-Nmaleinimidospiroindol- 3,3’-pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrols.ЦСль Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Ρ‹ – синтСз ряда ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ‹Ρ… гСксамСтилСн-N-ΠΌΠ°Π»Π΅ΠΈΠ½-имидоспироиндол-3,3’-ΠΏΠΈΡ€Ρ€ΠΎΠ»ΠΎ[3,4-с] ΠΏΠΈΡ€Ρ€ΠΎΠ»Π°, исслСдованиС ΠΈ сравнСниС ΠΈΡ… Π°Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΠ±Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ активности с Π°Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠ±Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ дСйствиСм Ρ€Π°Π½Π΅Π΅ синтСзированных бис-Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ².ΠœΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ‹ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹. ΠœΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹ органичСского синтСза, ΠΈΠ½ΡΡ‚Ρ€ΡƒΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹ опрСдСлСния структуры органичСских соСдинСний, ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ Π΄ΠΈΡ„Ρ„ΡƒΠ·ΠΈΠΈ Π² Π°Π³Π°Ρ€ Π² ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ„ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄Ρ†Π΅Π².Π­ΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Π°Ρ Ρ‡Π°ΡΡ‚ΡŒ. ΠŸΡ€ΠΈ взаимодСйствии эквимолярного ΡΠΎΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ², Ξ±-аминокислот ΠΈ 1,6-бисмалСинимидогСксана Π±Ρ‹Π» ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½ ряд ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ‹Ρ… 1’-(гСксамСтилСн-N-ΠΌΠ°Π»Π΅ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ΄ΠΎ)-2a’,5a’- Π΄ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ΄Ρ€ΠΎ-1’H-спироиндол-3,3’-ΠΏΠΈΡ€Ρ€ΠΎΠ»ΠΎ[3,4-c]ΠΏΠΈΡ€Ρ€ΠΎΠ»-2,2’,6’(1H,3’H,5’H)-Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°. Π‘Ρ‚Ρ€ΡƒΠΊΡ‚ΡƒΡ€Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… соСдинСний достовСрно Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Π° ΠΈΠ½ΡΡ‚Ρ€ΡƒΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ. Π”Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ микробиологичСского скрининга ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Ρ‹Π²Π°ΡŽΡ‚ Π²Ρ‹Ρ€Π°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ биологичСскоС дСйствиС синтСзированных соСдинСний ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ Π³Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… Π±Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΉ Staphylococcus aureus ΠΈ Π³Ρ€ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ² Candida albicans.Π’Ρ‹Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹. УстановлСно, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ рСакция Ρ‚Ρ€Π΅Ρ…ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π½ΠΎΠΉ кондСнсации ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ эквимолярном использовании ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ², Ξ±-аминокислот ΠΈ 1,6-бисмалСинимидогСксана являСтся эффСктивным ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ синтСза 1’-(гСксамСтилСн-N-ΠΌΠ°Π»Π΅ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ΄ΠΎ)-2a’,5a’-Π΄ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ΄Ρ€ΠΎ-1’H-спироиндол-3,3’-ΠΏΠΈΡ€Ρ€ΠΎΠ»ΠΎ[3,4-c]ΠΏΠΈΡ€Ρ€ΠΎΠ»-2,2’,6’(1H,3’H,5’H)-Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡΠ²Π»ΡΡŽΡ‚ Π²Ρ‹Ρ€Π°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ биологичСскоС дСйствиС ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ Π³Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… Π±Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΉ Staphylococcus aureus ΠΈ Π³Ρ€ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ² Candida albicans. ΠΠ°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΡˆΡƒΡŽ Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ срСди ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ‹Ρ… гСксамСтилСн-N-малСинимидоспироиндол-3,3’-ΠΏΠΈΡ€Ρ€ΠΎΠ»ΠΎ[3,4-с]ΠΏΠΈΡ€Ρ€ΠΎΠ»Π° проявил 1’-(гСксамСтилСн-N-ΠΌΠ°Π»Π΅ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ΄ΠΎ)-5’-ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΈΠ»-2a’,5a’-Π΄ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ΄Ρ€ΠΎ-1’H-спироиндол-3,3’-ΠΏΠΈΡ€Ρ€ΠΎΠ»ΠΎ[3,4 c]ΠΏΠΈΡ€Ρ€ΠΎΠ»-2,2’,6’(1H,3’H,5’H)-Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠΎΠ½.ΠœΠ΅Ρ‚Π° Ρ€ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡ‚ΠΈ – синтСз ряду ΠΏΠΎΡ…Ρ–Π΄Π½ΠΈΡ… гСксамСтилСн-N-ΠΌΠ°Π»Π΅Ρ—Π½Ρ–ΠΌΡ–Π΄ΠΎ-спіроіндол-3,3’-ΠΏΡ–Ρ€ΠΎΠ»ΠΎ[3,4с]ΠΏΡ–Ρ€ΠΎΠ»Ρƒ, дослідТСння Ρ‚Π° порівняння Ρ—Ρ… Π°Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΠ±Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π΅Ρ€Ρ–Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡ— активності Π· Π°Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΠΌΡ–ΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡŽ Π΄Ρ–Ρ”ΡŽ Ρ€Π°Π½Ρ–ΡˆΠ΅ синтСзованих біс-Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³Ρ–Π².ΠœΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Ρ–Π°Π»ΠΈ Ρ‚Π° ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ. ΠœΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ ΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½Ρ–Ρ‡Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ синтСзу, Ρ–Π½ΡΡ‚Ρ€ΡƒΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ– ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ встановлСння Π±ΡƒΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ ΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½Ρ–Ρ‡Π½ΠΈΡ… сполук, ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ Π΄ΠΈΡ„ΡƒΠ·Ρ–Ρ— Π² Π°Π³Π°Ρ€ Ρƒ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ„Ρ–ΠΊΠ°Ρ†Ρ–Ρ— колодязів.Π•ΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Π° частина. ΠŸΡ€ΠΈ Π²Π·Π°Ρ”ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Ρ–Ρ— Сквімолярного ΡΠΏΡ–Π²Π²Ρ–Π΄Π½ΠΎΡˆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ Ρ–Π·Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ½Ρ–Π², Ξ±-амінокислот Ρ– 1,6-бісмалСїнімідогСксану Π±ΡƒΠ»ΠΎ ΠΎΡ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΎ ряд ΠΏΠΎΡ…Ρ–Π΄Π½ΠΈΡ… 1’-(гСксамСтилСн-N-ΠΌΠ°Π»Π΅Ρ—Π½Ρ–ΠΌΡ–Π΄ΠΎ)-2a’,5a’-Π΄ΠΈΠ³Ρ–Π΄Ρ€ΠΎ-1’H-спіроіндол-3,3’-ΠΏΡ–Ρ€ΠΎΠ»ΠΎ[3,4-c]ΠΏΡ–Ρ€ΠΎΠ»-2,2’,6’(1H,3’H,5’H)-Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠΎΠ½Ρƒ. Π‘ΡƒΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Ρƒ ΠΎΠ΄Π΅Ρ€ΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ… сполук Π½Π°Π΄Ρ–ΠΉΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡ–Π΄Ρ‚Π²Π΅Ρ€Π΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΎ Ρ–Π½ΡΡ‚Ρ€ΡƒΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ. Π”Π°Π½Ρ– ΠΌΡ–ΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠ±Ρ–ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³Ρ–Ρ‡Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ скринінгу ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ΡŒ високу Π±Ρ–ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³Ρ–Ρ‡Π½Ρƒ Π΄Ρ–ΡŽ синтСзованих сполук відносно Π³Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈΡ… Π±Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π΅Ρ€Ρ–ΠΉ Staphylococcus aureus Ρ– Π³Ρ€ΠΈΠ±Ρ–Π² Candida albicans.Висновки. ВстановлСно, Ρ‰ΠΎ рСакція Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π½ΠΎΡ— кондСнсації ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ Сквімолярному використанні Ρ–Π·Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ½Ρ–Π², Ξ±-амінокислот Ρ– 1,6-бісмалСїнімідогСксану Ρ” Π΅Ρ„Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ синтСзу 1’-(гСксамСтилСн-N-ΠΌΠ°Π»Π΅Ρ—Π½Ρ–ΠΌΡ–Π΄ΠΎ)-2a’,5a’-Π΄ΠΈΠ³Ρ–Π΄Ρ€ΠΎ-1’H-спіроіндол-3,3’-ΠΏΡ–Ρ€ΠΎΠ»ΠΎ[3,4-c]ΠΏΡ–Ρ€ΠΎΠ»-2,2’,6’ (1H,3’H,5’H)-Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠΎΠ½Ρ–Π², які ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡΠ²Π»ΡΡŽΡ‚ΡŒ високу Π±Ρ–ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³Ρ–Ρ‡Π½Ρƒ Π΄Ρ–ΡŽ відносно Π³Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈΡ… Π±Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π΅Ρ€Ρ–ΠΉ Staphylococcus aureus Ρ– Π³Ρ€ΠΈΠ±Ρ–Π² Candida albicans. ΠΠ°ΠΉΠ±Ρ–Π»ΡŒΡˆΡƒ Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½Ρ–ΡΡ‚ΡŒ сСрСд ΠΏΠΎΡ…Ρ–Π΄Π½ΠΈΡ… гСксамСтилСн-N-ΠΌΠ°Π»Π΅Ρ—Π½Ρ–ΠΌΡ–Π΄ΠΎ-спіроіндол-3,3’-ΠΏΡ–Ρ€ΠΎΠ»ΠΎ[3,4-с] ΠΏΡ–Ρ€ΠΎΠ»Ρƒ проявив 1’-(гСксамСтилСн-N-ΠΌΠ°Π»Π΅Ρ—Π½Ρ–ΠΌΡ–Π΄ΠΎ)-5’-ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΈΠ»-2a’,5a’-Π΄ΠΈΠ³Ρ–Π΄Ρ€ΠΎ-1’H-спіроіндол-3,3’-ΠΏΡ–Ρ€ΠΎΠ»ΠΎ[3,4-c] ΠΏΡ–Ρ€ΠΎΠ»-2,2’,6’(1H,3’H, 5’H)-Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠΎΠ½

    Tomographic method for meteor-flux determination from radar observations

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    Potentialities of the tomographic method are studied as this method used to determine the density distribution of the sporadic-meteor flux over the celestial sphere from radar observations with measuring radiowave-arrival angles. It is shown that the main features of the distributions obtained by this method are the same as those obtained by other methods but that the angular resolution is much higher. Β© 1997 MAHK Hayka /Interperiodica Publishing

    Використання Π°Π»Ρ–Ρ„Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΈΡ… Π°Π»ΡŒΠ΄Π΅Π³Ρ–Π΄Ρ–Π² Ρƒ синтСзі Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ… 1H-2,1-Π±Π΅Π½Π·ΠΎΡ‚Ρ–Π°Π·ΠΈΠ½-4-ΠΎΠ½ 2,2-діоксидів, кондСнсованих Π· ΠΏΡ–Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΌ ядром Π·Π° допомогою Π΄ΠΎΠΌΡ–Π½ΠΎ-Π²Π·Π°Ρ”ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Ρ–ΠΉ. Антимікробна Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½Ρ–ΡΡ‚ΡŒ синтСзованих сполук

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    Domino-type Knoevenagel-Michael-hetero-Thorpe-Ziegler and Knoevenagel-hetero-Diels-Alder interactions using 1-ethyl-1H-2,1-benzothiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide and aliphatic aldehydes as initial compounds have been studied. These reactions have led to 2-amino-3-cyano-4H-pyran and 2H-3,4-dihydropyran derivatives, respectively. It has been shown that the three-component one-pot interaction of 1-ethyl-1H-2,1-benzothiazin-4(3H)one 2,2-dioxide with saturated aliphatic aldehydes and malononitrile proceeds under rather mild conditions and results in formation of 2-amino-6-ethyl-4-alkyl-4,6-dihydropyrano[3,2-c][2,1]benzothiazin-3-carbonitrile 5,5-dioxides with moderate and high yields. At the same time, the yields of target products decrease with the increase of the length of the aliphatic aldehyde carbon chain. In this regard, the use of citronellal allowed us to obtain the product of the three-component interaction with a low yield. To date, there is no information in the literature about the possible application of aliphatic dialdehydes in such three-component interactions. It has been found that the use of glutaric aldehyde results in the synthesis of a new class of bis-derivatives of 2-amino-4H-pyran, in which two fragments are linked by the polymethylene bridge. The use of Ξ±,Ξ²-unsaturated aldehydes in the three-component interaction with 1-ethyl-1H-2,1-benzothiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide and malononitrile was accompanied by decrease in the process efficiency compared to saturated aliphatic aldehydes. The target fused 2-amino-3-cyano-4H-pyran was obtained only when Ξ±-methylcinnamic aldehyde was used in the reaction. A two-component interaction of 1-ethyl-1H-2,1-benzothiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide with citronellal has been also studied. It has been shown that this reaction is stereospecific. It proceeds through domino Knoevenagel-heteroDiels-Alder sequence resulting in a new heterocyclic system – 2,2a,3,4,5,6,6a,8-octahydroisochromeno[4,3-c] [2,1]benzothiazine 7,7-dioxide. The study of the antimicrobial activity of the compounds synthesized has allowed finding compounds with a moderate activity against P. aeruginosa Ρ– C. albicans.Π˜Π·ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½Ρ‹ Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΎ-взаимодСйствия КнСвСнагСля-ΠœΠΈΡ…Π°ΡΠ»Ρ-Π³Π΅Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΎ-Π’ΠΎΡ€ΠΏΠ°-Π¦ΠΈΠ³Π»Π΅Ρ€Π° ΠΈ КнСвСнагСля-Π³Π΅Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΎ-Π”ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΡΠ°-ΠΠ»ΡŒΠ΄Π΅Ρ€Π° с участиСм 1-этил-2,1-Π±Π΅Π½Π·ΠΎΡ‚ΠΈΠ°Π·ΠΈΠ½-4(3Н)-ΠΎΠ½ 2,2-диоксида ΠΈ алифатичСских альдСгидов, приводящих соотвСтствСнно ΠΊ ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡŽ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ‹Ρ… 2-Π°ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΎ-3-Ρ†ΠΈΠ°Π½ΠΎ-4Н-ΠΏΠΈΡ€Π°Π½Π° ΠΈ 2Н-3,4-Π΄ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ΄Ρ€ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡ€Π°Π½Π°. Показано, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Ρ‚Ρ€Π΅Ρ…ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π½ΠΎΠ΅ одностадийноС взаимодСйствиС 1-этил-2,1-Π±Π΅Π½Π·ΠΎΡ‚ΠΈΠ°Π·ΠΈΠ½-4(3Н)-ΠΎΠ½ 2,2-диоксида с насыщСнными алифатичСскими альдСгидами ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ‚Π΅ΠΊΠ°Π΅Ρ‚ Π² ΠΎΡ‡Π΅Π½ΡŒ мягких условиях ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ‚ ΠΊ ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡŽ 2-Π°ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΎ-6-этил-4-Π°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ»-4,6-Π΄ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ΄Ρ€ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡ€Π°Π½ΠΎ[3,2-c][2,1]Π±Π΅Π½Π·ΠΎΡ‚ΠΈΠ°Π·ΠΈΠ½-3-ΠΊΠ°Ρ€Π±ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠ» 5,5-диоксидов с высокими ΠΈ ΡƒΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ Π²Ρ‹Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ. Π’ Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΆΠ΅ врСмя ΡƒΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π»ΠΈΠ½Ρ‹ ΡƒΠ³Π»Π΅Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ†Π΅ΠΏΠΈ алифатичСских альдСгидов ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ‚ ΠΊ ΡƒΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡŒΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡŽ Π²Ρ‹Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄Π° Ρ†Π΅Π»Π΅Π²Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΠ². Π’Π°ΠΊ, ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ использовании цитронСллаля ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΠΊΡ‚ Ρ‚Ρ€Π΅Ρ…ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ взаимодСйствия ΡƒΠ΄Π°Π»ΠΎΡΡŒ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΠΎ с нСвысоким Π²Ρ‹Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ. АлифатичСскиС Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ΄Π΅Π³ΠΈΠ΄Ρ‹ Π½Π΅ Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΈ Ρ€Π°Π½Π΅Π΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ‹ Π² Π΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… взаимодСйствиях; ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π³Π»ΡƒΡ‚Π°Ρ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ альдСгида ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ‚ ΠΊ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌΡƒ классу бис-ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ‹Ρ… 2-Π°ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΎ-4Н-ΠΏΠΈΡ€Π°Π½Π°, Π² ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΌ Ρ„Ρ€Π°Π³ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ‹ соСдинСны ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΈΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹ΠΌ мостиком. ИспользованиС Ξ±,Ξ²-нСнасыщСнных альдСгидов Π² Ρ‚Ρ€Π΅Ρ…ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π½ΠΎΠΌ взаимодСйствии с 1-этил-2,1-Π±Π΅Π½Π·ΠΎΡ‚ΠΈΠ°Π·ΠΈΠ½-4(3Н)-ΠΎΠ½ 2,2-диоксидом ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π°Π»ΠΎΡΡŒ ΡƒΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡŒΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ эффСктивности процСсса ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡ€Π°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡŽ с насыщСнными алифатичСскими альдСгидами. Π¦Π΅Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΠΊΡ‚ взаимодСйствия кондСнсированный 2-Π°ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΎ-3-Ρ†ΠΈΠ°Π½ΠΎ-4Н-ΠΏΠΈΡ€Π°Π½ Π±Ρ‹Π» ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΠΎ Π² случаС примСнСния Ξ±-ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΈΠ»ΠΊΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ альдСгида. Π˜Π·ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΎ взаимодСйствиС ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρƒ 1-этил-2,1-Π±Π΅Π½Π·ΠΎΡ‚ΠΈΠ°Π·ΠΈΠ½-4(3Н)-ΠΎΠ½ 2,2-диоксидом ΠΈ Ρ†ΠΈΡ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ½Π΅Π»Π»Π°Π»Π΅ΠΌ; ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ данная рСакция ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ‚Π΅ΠΊΠ°Π΅Ρ‚ ΠΈΡΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ стСрСо-спСцифичноС Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΎ-взаимодСйствиС КнСвСнагСля-Π³Π΅Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΎ-Π”ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΡΠ°-ΠΠ»ΡŒΠ΄Π΅Ρ€Π° ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ‚ ΠΊ ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡŽ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ гСтСроцикличСской систСмы – 2,2a,3,4,5,6,6a,8-ΠΎΠΊΡ‚Π°Π³ΠΈΠ΄Ρ€ΠΎΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡ…Ρ€ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΎ[4,3-c][2,1]Π±Π΅Π½Π·ΠΎΡ‚ΠΈΠ°Π·ΠΈΠ½ 7,7-диоксида. Π˜Π·ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π°Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΠΉ активности синтСзированных соСдинСний ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°Ρ€ΡƒΠΆΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ‹Π΅, ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡΠ²Π»ΡΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠ΅ ΡƒΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Π½Π½ΡƒΡŽ Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ‚ΠΈΠ² P. aeruginosa ΠΈ C. albicansΠ’ΠΈΠ²Ρ‡Π΅Π½Ρ– Π΄ΠΎΠΌΡ–Π½ΠΎ-Π²Π·Π°Ρ”ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Ρ–Ρ— КньовСнагСля-ΠœΡ–Ρ…Π°Π΅Π»Ρ-Π³Π΅Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΎ-Π’ΠΎΡ€ΠΏΠ°-Π¦Ρ–Π³Π»Π΅Ρ€Π° Ρ‚Π° КньовСнагСля-Π³Π΅Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΎ-Π”Ρ–Π»ΡŒΡΠ°-ΠΠ»ΡŒΠ΄Π΅Ρ€Π° Π·Π° ΡƒΡ‡Π°ΡΡ‚ΡŽ 1-Π΅Ρ‚ΠΈΠ»-1Н-2,1-Π±Π΅Π½Π·ΠΎΡ‚Ρ–Π°Π·ΠΈΠ½-4(3Н)-ΠΎΠ½Ρƒ 2,2-діоксиду Ρ‚Π° Π°Π»Ρ–Ρ„Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΈΡ… Π°Π»ΡŒΠ΄Π΅Π³Ρ–Π΄Ρ–Π², Ρ‰ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ‚ΡŒ Π΄ΠΎ утворСння Π²Ρ–Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ²Ρ–Π΄Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡ…Ρ–Π΄Π½ΠΈΡ… 2-Π°ΠΌΡ–Π½ΠΎ-3-Ρ†Ρ–Π°Π½ΠΎ-4Н-ΠΏΡ–Ρ€Π°Π½Ρƒ Ρ‚Π° 2Н-3,4-Π΄ΠΈΠ³Ρ–Π΄Ρ€ΠΎΠΏΡ–Ρ€Π°Π½Ρƒ. Показано, Ρ‰ΠΎ Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π½Π° одностадійна взаємодія 1-Π΅Ρ‚ΠΈΠ»-1Н-2,1-Π±Π΅Π½Π·ΠΎΡ‚Ρ–Π°Π·ΠΈΠ½-4(3Н)-ΠΎΠ½Ρƒ 2,2-діоксиду Π· насичСними Π°Π»Ρ–Ρ„Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π°Π»ΡŒΠ΄Π΅Π³Ρ–Π΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ Ρ– ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Ρ–Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Π±Ρ–Π³Π°Ρ” Ρƒ Π΄ΡƒΠΆΠ΅ м’яких ΡƒΠΌΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ… Ρ– ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ Π΄ΠΎ утворСння 2-Π°ΠΌΡ–Π½ΠΎ-6-Π΅Ρ‚ΠΈΠ»-4-Π°Π»ΠΊΡ–Π»-4,6-Π΄ΠΈΠ³Ρ–Π΄Ρ€ΠΎΠΏΡ–Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΎ[3,2 c][2,1]Π±Π΅Π½Π·ΠΎΡ‚Ρ–Π°Π·ΠΈΠ½-3-ΠΊΠ°Ρ€Π±ΠΎΠ½Ρ–Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠ» 5,5-діоксидів Π· високими Ρ‚Π° ΠΏΠΎΠΌΡ–Ρ€Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π²ΠΈΡ…ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ. Π£ Ρ‚ΠΎΠΉ ΠΆΠ΅ час Π·Π±Ρ–Π»ΡŒΡˆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΆΠΈΠ½ΠΈ Π²ΡƒΠ³Π»Π΅Ρ†Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π»Π°Π½Ρ†ΡŽΠ³Π° Π°Π»Ρ–Ρ„Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π»ΡŒΠ΄Π΅Π³Ρ–Π΄Ρƒ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ Π΄ΠΎ змСншСння Π²ΠΈΡ…ΠΎΠ΄Ρƒ Ρ†Ρ–Π»ΡŒΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ… ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΠΊΡ‚Ρ–Π². Π’Π°ΠΊ, ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ використанні Ρ†ΠΈΡ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ½Π΅Π»Π°Π»ΡŽ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΠΊΡ‚ Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π½ΠΎΡ— Π²Π·Π°Ρ”ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Ρ–Ρ— вдалося ΠΎΠ΄Π΅Ρ€ΠΆΠ°Ρ‚ΠΈ Ρ‚Ρ–Π»ΡŒΠΊΠΈ Π· нСвисоким Π²ΠΈΡ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ. Аліфатичні Π΄Ρ–Π°Π»ΡŒΠ΄Π΅Π³Ρ–Π΄ΠΈ Π½Π΅ Π±ΡƒΠ»ΠΈ Ρ€Π°Π½Ρ–ΡˆΠ΅ використані Ρƒ Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ… взаємодіях; ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, Ρ‰ΠΎ використання Π³Π»ΡƒΡ‚Π°Ρ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π»ΡŒΠ΄Π΅Π³Ρ–Π΄Ρƒ дозволяє ΠΎΡ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΈ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΉ клас біс-ΠΏΠΎΡ…Ρ–Π΄Π½ΠΈΡ… 2-Π°ΠΌΡ–Π½ΠΎ-4Н-ΠΏΡ–Ρ€Π°Π½Ρƒ, Π² якому Ρ„Ρ€Π°Π³ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈ з’єднані ΠΏΠΎΠ»Ρ–ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΈΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΌ містком. Використання Ξ±,Ξ²-нСнасичСних Π°Π»ΡŒΠ΄Π΅Π³Ρ–Π΄Ρ–Π² Ρƒ Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π½Ρ–ΠΉ Π²Π·Π°Ρ”ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Ρ–Ρ— Π· 1-Π΅Ρ‚ΠΈΠ»-1Н-2,1-Π±Π΅Π½Π·ΠΎΡ‚Ρ–Π°Π·ΠΈΠ½-4(3Н)-ΠΎΠ½Ρƒ 2,2-діоксидом Ρ– ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Ρ–Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΌ супроводТувалося змСншСнням СфСктивності процСсу Π² порівнянні Π· насичСними Π°Π»Ρ–Ρ„Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π°Π»ΡŒΠ΄Π΅Π³Ρ–Π΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ. Π¦Ρ–Π»ΡŒΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΠΊΡ‚ Π²Π·Π°Ρ”ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Ρ–Ρ— кондСнсований 2-Π°ΠΌΡ–Π½ΠΎ-3-Ρ†Ρ–Π°Π½ΠΎ-4Н-ΠΏΡ–Ρ€Π°Π½ Π±ΡƒΠ² ΠΎΡ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Ρ‚Ρ–Π»ΡŒΠΊΠΈ Ρƒ Π²ΠΈΠΏΠ°Π΄ΠΊΡƒ застосування Ξ±-ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΈΠ»ΠΊΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π»ΡŒΠ΄Π΅Π³Ρ–Π΄Ρƒ. Π’ΠΈΠ²Ρ‡Π΅Π½Π° взаємодія ΠΌΡ–ΠΆ 1-Π΅Ρ‚ΠΈΠ»-1Н-2,1-Π±Π΅Π½Π·ΠΎΡ‚Ρ–Π°Π·ΠΈΠ½-4(3Н)-ΠΎΠ½Ρƒ 2,2-діоксидом Ρ– Ρ†ΠΈΡ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ½Π΅Π»Π°Π»Π΅ΠΌ; ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, Ρ‰ΠΎ Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠ° рСакція ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Π±Ρ–Π³Π°Ρ” винятково як стСрСоспСцифічна Π΄ΠΎΠΌΡ–Π½ΠΎ-взаємодія КньовСнагСля-Π³Π΅Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΎ-Π”Ρ–Π»ΡŒΡΠ°-ΠΠ»ΡŒΠ΄Π΅Ρ€Π° Ρ– ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ Π΄ΠΎ утворСння Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ— Π³Π΅Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΎΡ†ΠΈΠΊΠ»Ρ–Ρ‡Π½ΠΎΡ— систСми – 2,2a,3,4,5,6,6a,8-ΠΎΠΊΡ‚Π°Π³Ρ–Π΄Ρ€ΠΎΡ–Π·ΠΎΡ…Ρ€ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΎ[4,3-c][2,1]Π±Π΅Π½Π·ΠΎΡ‚Ρ–Π°Π·ΠΈΠ½ 7,7-діоксиду. ВивчСння Π°Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΠΌΡ–ΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡ— активності синтСзованих сполук Π΄ΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ виявити ΠΏΠΎΡ…Ρ–Π΄Π½Ρ–, Ρ‰ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡΠ²Π»ΡΡŽΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΡ–Ρ€Π½Ρƒ Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½Ρ–ΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ‚ΠΈ P. aeruginosa Ρ– C. albicans

    Ecological aspects of economical development: issues of forecast greenhouse gas emissions in road transport in Europe and regions of Russia

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    Environmental aspects are an essential part of economic development. Improvement of the environmental situation can have a significant impact on the pace and structure of economic development. For environmental component, it is important to analyze the current state and predict greenhouse gas emissions. The development of methodological approaches in this area will allow for more detailed forecasting of the situation. In order to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases, European countries have set targets for efficiency of energy consumption and widespread use of renewable energy sources, which they have achieved and become world leaders in using them. By 2020, the goal is set for energy consumption to be at least 20% from renewable sources. According to the forecast on average, in 2040 the share of oil products in the structure of fuel consumption in road transport in Europe will be reduced to 80%. Nevertheless, in the countries of Europe, various trends in the field of greenhouse gas emissions are expected. Most countries have a high potential for reducing greenhouse gas emissions from fuel combustion on road vehicles. In Russia, emissions from vehicles are projected to reduce by 8% by 2040. Document type: Articl

    Associations of meteor microshowers or as the Kazan radar "SEES" radiants on northern celestial hemisphere

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    The discrete quasitomographic method of the analysis of the interferometric data of meteor radar gives us the possibility of measuring coordinates and velocities of very weak meteor showers with a 2 Γ— 2 square degree resolution on the celestial sphere. The minimal rate of the meteors in each microstream is five meteors per day. At such sensitivity, basic distinctions between irregularities of the sporadic background and meteor streams vanish. More than 1000 of the detected microshowers per month are associated with a combination of (a) the large known meteor showers, (b) the weaker known meteor showers and (c) till now unknown associations of microshowers. All microshowers regardless of association have the identical velocities, limited areas of radiation and near simultaneity of their acting dates. The results are compiled as maps of radiant distribution and average velocities of microstreams for different months. From these it is possible to see how the microshower activity for various discrete sites on the celestial sphere correlate with the behavior of the well-known meteor streams and thus to infer the orbital properties of the different microstream configurations. Β© Springer Science+Business Media, Inc. 2005

    Metal binding induces conversion of B- to the hybrid B-Z-form in natural DNA

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    Highly polymerized herring testis DNA of the random nucleotide sequence has been studied in solution by circular dichroism and ultra-violet absorption spectrometry under various experimental conditions. At low temperature upon addition of 0.05 M NaCl or 1.15 M MgSO4 the DNA formed a helix that belonged to the B-family. As the temperature was increased a transition from the pure B- to the hybrid B-Z-form occurred in the presence of 1.15 M MgSO4. This transition occurred over a large range of temperatures and corresponded to a non-cooperative conformational change. A similar DNA transition was induced with 0.098 mM Co(NH3)6Cl3. However, in the presence of 5.3 M NaCl the DNA conformation was not similar to that observed in 1.15 M MgSO4 or 0.098 mM Co(NH3)6Cl3 independently on the environmental temperature. In 5.3 M NaCl the DNA is thought to undergo a transition from one to another right-handed conformation that could be intermediate partially dehydrated conformer arising on the first step in the sequential transition to the dehydration of the polynucleotide. Our results show that a realistic model of native DNA, bearing Z-tracts embedded in B-helixes, can be obtained upon binding of alkaline earth or transition metals. Β© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved
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