MECHANOACTIVATION PYROLYSIS PRODUCTS OBTAINED FROM VEGETABLE RAW MATERIALS, IN ORDER TO OBTAIN CARBON NANOTUBES

В докладе представлено исследование стадий формирования многослойных углеродных нанотрубок в процессе механоактивации аморфного углерода, полученного пиролизом из растительного сырья. Показано, что длительная механоактивация углеродной композиции в вариопланетарной мельнице (более 36 ч) приводит к образованию агрегатов и потере термической устойчивости нанотрубок.The report presents a study of stages of formation of multi-walled carbon nanotubes in the process of mechanical activation of amorphous carbon produced by pyrolysis of the raw material. It has been shown that long-term mechanical activation of the carbon composition in the vario-planetary mill (over 36 h) leads to the formation of aggregates and loss of thermal stability of the nanotubes

Magnetic parameters of control of stress-strained state carbon steels

The complex of magnetic and magnetoacoustic properties of cold and annealed at different temperatures steels with a carbon content of 0.2% (steel 20G) and 0.7% (steel 70G) has been researched. It was found that with increasing annealing temperature of these steels up to 700 0C monotonically increasing values associated with the intensity of irreversible processes of magnetization reversal. It is shown that the coercive force of 70G steel by varying the annealing changes nonmonotonically and can not be a parameter control. Among quasistatically measured magnetic parameters to control the annealing can be used residual induction and the induction of the coercive return. The structural sensitivity of such parameters of the magnetoacoustic emission (MAE) as amplitude, base frequency, maximum field of MAE has been researched. The amplitude and the maximum field MAE correlate with remanence substances investigated steels may be used for diagnostics.Исследован комплекс магнитных и магнитоакустических свойств холоднодеформированных и отожженных при различных температурах сталей с содержанием углерода 0,2 % (сталь 20Г) и 0,7 % (сталь 70Г). Установлено, что при увеличении температуры отжига этих сталей вплоть до 700 0С монотонно растут значения параметров, связанных с интенсивностью необратимых процессов перемагничивания. Показано, что коэрцитивная сила стали 70Г при вариации отжига меняется немонотонно и не может быть параметром контроля. Из числа квазистатически измеряемых магнитных параметров для контроля отжига могут быть использованы остаточная индукция и индукция коэрцитивного возврата. Исследована структурная чувствительность таких параметров магнитоакустической эмиссии (МАЭ), как амплитуда, основная частота, поле максимума МАЭ. Показано, что амплитуда и поле максимума МАЭ коррелируют с остаточной магнитной индукцией вещества исследованных сталей и могут быть использованы при диагностике.Работа выполнена в рамках государственного задания ФАНО России по теме «Диагностика» № 01201463329

Earth Mover’s Distance (EMD): A True Metric for Comparing Biomarker Expression Levels in Cell Populations

Changes in the frequencies of cell subsets that (co)express characteristic biomarkers, or levels of the biomarkers on the subsets, are widely used as indices of drug response, disease prognosis, stem cell reconstitution, etc. However, although the currently available computational “gating” tools accurately reveal subset frequencies and marker expression levels, they fail to enable statistically reliable judgements as to whether these frequencies and expression levels differ significantly between/among subject groups. Here we introduce flow cytometry data analysis pipeline which includes the Earth Mover’s Distance (EMD) metric as solution to this problem. Well known as an informative quantitative measure of differences between distributions, we present three exemplary studies showing that EMD 1) reveals clinically-relevant shifts in two markers on blood basophils responding to an offending allergen; 2) shows that ablative tumor radiation induces significant changes in the murine colon cancer tumor microenvironment; and, 3) ranks immunological differences in mouse peritoneal cavity cells harvested from three genetically distinct mouse strains

Mechanism of cellular rejection in transplantation

The explosion of new discoveries in the field of immunology has provided new insights into mechanisms that promote an immune response directed against a transplanted organ. Central to the allograft response are T lymphocytes. This review summarizes the current literature on allorecognition, costimulation, memory T cells, T cell migration, and their role in both acute and chronic graft destruction. An in depth understanding of the cellular mechanisms that result in both acute and chronic allograft rejection will provide new strategies and targeted therapeutics capable of inducing long-lasting, allograft-specific tolerance

Reaction mechanisms of fast neutrons on stable Mo isotopes below 21 MeV

A large number of new measurements with the activation technique were performed for (n,2n) and neutron-induced Delta Z=1,2 reaction cross sections on the stable molybdenum isotopes in the energy range from 13.5 to 21 MeV. First results were obtained for the Mo-92(n,2n)Mo-91(m),Mo-92(n,alpha)Zr-89(m),Mo-94(n,2n)Mo-93(m),Mo-95(n,p)Nb-95(m),Mo-96(n,p)Nb-96,Mo-96(n,x)Nb-95(m), Mo-97(n,p)Nb-97, Mo-97(n,p)Nb-97(m), Mo-97(n,x)Nb-96, Mo-98(n,p)Nb-98(m), Mo-98(n,x)Nb-97, Mo-98(n,x)Nb-97(m), and Mo-100(n,alpha)Zr-97 reactions, above 16 MeV. A significant number of high-accuracy 14 MeV measurements were performed which are in good agreement with the measurements above 16 MeV for reactions studied in both energy ranges. The rather complete database for the molybdenum isotopes was analyzed with two different sets of consistent model calculations: a local and a global approach. The global approach (a blind calculation with the TALYS code) provides a good overall description of the dominant reaction channels, although the (n,alpha) reactions for the heavy isotopes are overpredicted. The local approach (an adjusted calculation with the STAPRE-H code) describes the shapes and magnitudes of the excitation functions well from the reaction thresholds up to 21 MeV using a consistent parameter set, which was optimized based on all experimental information for the nuclei at hand and their immediate neighbors. The agreement between experimental and calculated data is, in general, good both at the maxima and at the tails of the excitation functions, and both for total activation cross sections of a particular channel and for cross sections leading to isomers, showing the viability of the level densities, the optical models, and the gamma widths. Comparison of the two model calculations with the data indicates the relevance of an appropriate treatment for preequilibrium (PE) alpha-particle emission for the description of the data above 14 MeV. Comparison between the model calculations shows largely different PE deuteron emission contributions to the total (Delta Z=1,Delta A=1) cross sections with an additional marked difference in energy dependence. This suggests that emission spectra around 20 MeV are required to establish the magnitude of the PE deuteron emission contribution to this process. New gamma-ray strength functions were established by verification against average (n,gamma) data and were demonstrated to give good agreement with the measured isomer production cross sections