Evidence of MyomiR Regulation of the Pentose Phosphate Pathway during Mechanical Load-Induced Hypertrophy

Many of the molecular and cellular mechanisms discovered to regulate skeletal muscle hypertrophy were first identified using the rodent synergist ablation model. This model reveals the intrinsic capability and necessary pathways of skeletal muscle growth in response to mechanical overload (MOV). Reminiscent of the rapid cellular growth observed with cancer, we hypothesized that in response to MOV, skeletal muscle would undergo metabolic programming to sustain increased demands to support hypertrophy. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed the gene expression of specific metabolic pathways taken from transcriptomic microarray data of a MOV time course. We found an upregulation of genes involved in the oxidative branch of the pentose phosphate pathways (PPP) and mitochondrial branch of the folate cycle suggesting an increase in the production of NADPH. In addition, we sought to determine the potential role of skeletal muscle-enriched microRNA (myomiRs) and satellite cells in the regulation of the metabolic pathways that changed during MOV. We observed an inverse pattern in gene expression between muscle-enriched myomiR-1 and its known target gene glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, G6pdx, suggesting myomiR regulation of PPP activation in response to MOV. Satellite cell fusion had a significant but modest impact on PPP gene expression. These transcriptomic findings suggest the robust muscle hypertrophy induced by MOV requires enhanced redox metabolism via PPP production of NADPH which is potentially regulated by a myomiR network

Life-Long Reduction in MyomiR Expression Does Not Adversely Affect Skeletal Muscle Morphology

We generated an inducible, skeletal muscle-specific Dicer knockout mouse to deplete microRNAs in adult skeletal muscle. Following tamoxifen treatment, Dicer mRNA expression was significantly decreased by 87%. Wild-type (WT) and Dicer knockout (KO) mice were subjected to either synergist ablation or hind limb suspension for two weeks. There was no difference in muscle weight with hypertrophy or atrophy between WT and KO groups; however, even with the significant loss of Dicer expression, myomiR (miR-1, -133a and -206) expression was only reduced by 38% on average. We next aged WT and KO mice for ~22 months following Dicer inactivation to determine if myomiR expression would be further reduced over a prolonged timeframe and assess the effects of myomiR depletion on skeletal muscle phenotype. Skeletal muscle Dicer mRNA expression remained significantly decreased by 80% in old KO mice and sequencing of cloned Dicer mRNA revealed the complete absence of the floxed exons in KO skeletal muscle. Despite a further reduction of myomiR expression to ~50% of WT, no change was observed in muscle morphology between WT and KO groups. These results indicate the life-long reduction in myomiR levels did not adversely affect skeletal muscle phenotype and suggest the possibility that microRNA expression is uniquely regulated in skeletal muscle

Un "simposio di sapienza e affetto"

Muscle hypertrophy occurs following increased protein synthesis, which requires activation of the ribosomal complex. Additionally, increased translational capacity via elevated ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis has also been implicated in resistance training-induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy. The time course of ribosome biogenesis following resistance exercise (RE) and the impact exerted by differing recovery strategies remains unknown. In the present study, the activation of transcriptional regulators, the expression levels of pre-rRNA, and mature rRNA components were measured through 48 h after a single-bout RE. In addition, the effects of either low-intensity cycling (active recovery, ACT) or a cold-water immersion (CWI) recovery strategy were compared. Nine male subjects performed two bouts of high-load RE randomized to be followed by 10 min of either ACT or CWI. Muscle biopsies were collected before RE and at 2, 24, and 48 h after RE. RE increased the phosphorylation of the p38-MNK1-eIF4E axis, an effect only evident with ACT recovery. Downstream, cyclin D1 protein, total eIF4E, upstream binding factor 1 (UBF1), and c-Myc proteins were all increased only after RE with ACT. This corresponded with elevated abundance of the pre-rRNAs (45S, ITS-28S, ITS-5.8S, and ETS-18S) from 24 h after RE with ACT. In conclusion, coordinated upstream signaling and activation of transcriptional factors stimulated pre-rRNA expression after RE. CWI, as a recovery strategy, markedly blunted these events, suggesting that suppressed ribosome biogenesis may be one factor contributing to the impaired hypertrophic response observed when CWI is used regularly after exercise

Acute Resistance Exercise Induces Sestrin2 Phosphorylation and p62 Dephosphorylation in Human Skeletal Muscle

Sestrins (1, 2, 3) are a family of stress-inducible proteins capable of attenuating oxidative stress, regulating metabolism, and stimulating autophagy. Sequestosome1 (p62) is also a stress-inducible multifunctional protein acting as a signaling hub for oxidative stress and selective autophagy. It is unclear whether Sestrin and p62Ser403 are regulated acutely or chronically by resistance exercise (RE) or training (RT) in human skeletal muscle. Therefore, the acute and chronic effects of RE on Sestrin and p62 in human skeletal muscle were examined through two studies. In Study 1, nine active men (22.1 ± 2.2 years) performed a bout of single-leg strength exercises and muscle biopsies were collected before, 2, 24, and 48 h after exercise. In Study 2, 10 active men (21.3 ± 1.9 years) strength trained for 12 weeks (2 days per week) and biopsies were collected pre- and post-training. Acutely, 2 h postexercise, phosphorylation of p62Ser403 was downregulated, while there was a mobility shift of Sestrin2, indicative of increased phosphorylation. Forty-eight hours postexercise, the protein expression of both Sestrin1 and total p62 increased. Chronic exercise had no impact on the gene or protein expression of Sestrin2/3 or p62, but Sestrin1 protein was upregulated. These findings demonstrated an inverse relationship between Sestrin2 and p62 phosphorylation after a single bout of RE, indicating they are transiently regulated. Contrarily, 12 weeks of RT increased protein expression of Sestrin1, suggesting that despite the strong sequence homology of the Sestrin family, they are differentially regulated in response to acute RE and chronic RT

Multi-transcriptome analysis following an acute skeletal muscle growth stimulus yields tools for discerning global and MYC regulatory networks

Myc is a powerful transcription factor implicated in epigenetic reprogramming, cellular plasticity, and rapid growth as well as tumorigenesis. Cancer in skeletal muscle is extremely rare despite marked and sustained Myc induction during loading-induced hypertrophy. Here, we investigated global, actively transcribed, stable, and myonucleus-specific transcriptomes following an acute hypertrophic stimulus in mouse plantaris. With these datasets, we define global and Myc-specific dynamics at the onset of mechanical overload-induced muscle fiber growth. Data collation across analyses reveals an under-appreciated role for the muscle fiber in extracellular matrix remodeling during adaptation, along with the contribution of mRNA stability to epigenetic-related transcript levels in muscle. We also identify Runx1 and Ankrd1 (Marp1) as abundant myonucleus-enriched loading-induced genes. We observed that a strong induction of cell cycle regulators including Myc occurs with mechanical overload in myonuclei. Additionally, in vivo Myc-controlled gene expression in the plantaris was defined using a genetic muscle fiber-specific doxycycline-inducible Myc-overexpression model. We determined Myc is implicated in numerous aspects of gene expression during early-phase muscle fiber growth. Specifically, brief induction of Myc protein in muscle represses Reverbα, Reverbβ, and Myh2 while increasing Rpl3, recapitulating gene expression in myonuclei during acute overload. Experimental, comparative, and in silico analyses place Myc at the center of a stable and actively transcribed, loading-responsive, muscle fiber–localized regulatory hub. Collectively, our experiments are a roadmap for understanding global and Myc-mediated transcriptional networks that regulate rapid remodeling in postmitotic cells. We provide open webtools for exploring the five RNA-seq datasets as a resource to the field

Efeito da cistina sobre a atividade da adenilatoquinase em córtex cerebral de ratos

Cistinose é uma doença genética sistêmica causada pelo transporte deficiente lisossomal acumulando cistina nos lisossomos de quase todos tecidos. Apesar do dano tecidual depender do acúmulo de cistina, os mecanismos moleculares deste ainda são obscuros. Adenilatoquinase, junto com a creatinaquinase, são responsáveis pela rede de transferência de fosfato, cruciais a homeostasia energética. Considerando que a cistina inibe a atividade da creatinaquinase, que as duas enzimas contem grupamentos tiólicos, e há uma forte interação entre as duas atividades, nosso principal objetivo foi investigar os efeitos da cistina na atividade da adenilatoquinase em córtex cerebral de ratos Wistar. Para os estudos in vivo, os animais foram injetados duas vezes ao dia com 1,6 mmol/g de peso corporal de cistina dimetil éster e/ou 0,46 mmol/g de peso corporal de cisteamina. Os animais foram tratados do vigésimo quinto dia ao vigésimo nono dia de vida e foram sacrificados 12 horas após a última injeção. Cistina inibiu a atividade da enzima in vitro de forma dose-dependente, ao passo que cisteamina preveniu a inibição. A atividade da adenilatoquinase diminuiu no córtex cerebral dos ratos com sobrecarga com cistina dimetiléster e a co-administração com cisteamina preveniu a diminuição da atividade de enzima. Considerando que a adenilatoquinase, juntamente com a creatinaquinase, é essencial para a homeostase energética, a liberação de cistina pelos lisossomos com consequente inibição enzimática, podem prejudicar a homeostasia energética, contribuindo para o dano tecidual em pacientes com cistinose.Cystinosis is a systemic genetic disease caused by a lysosomal transport deficiency accumulating cystine in the lysosomes of almost all tissues. Although tissue damage might depend on cystine accumulation, the molecular mechanisms of tissue damage are still obscures. Adenylate kinase, along with creatine kinase, is responsible for the enzymatic phosphotransfer network, crucial for energy homeostasis. Taking into account that cystine is known to inhibit creatine kinase activity, the two enzymes have thiol groups, and the strong interaction between the two activities, our main objective was to investigate the effect of cystine on adenylate kinase activity in the brain cortex of Wistar rats. Cystine inhibited the enzyme activity in vitro in a concentration dependent way, whereas cysteamine prevented the inhibition. For the in vivo studies, the animals were injected twice a day with 1.6 mmol/g body weight of cystine dimethylester and/or 0.46 mmol/g body weight of cysteamine from the 25th to the 29th postpartum day and sacrificed after 12 hours. Adenylate kinase activity was found diminished in the brain cortex of rats loaded with cystine dimethylester and co-administration of cysteamine prevented the diminution of the enzyme activity. Considering that adenylate kinase together with creatine kinase is crucial for energy homeostasis, the release of cystine from lysosomes with consequent enzymes inhibition could impair energy homeostasis, contributing to tissue damage in patients with cystinosis

Efeito da cistina sobre a atividade da adenilatoquinase em córtex cerebral de ratos

Cistinose é uma doença genética sistêmica causada pelo transporte deficiente lisossomal acumulando cistina nos lisossomos de quase todos tecidos. Apesar do dano tecidual depender do acúmulo de cistina, os mecanismos moleculares deste ainda são obscuros. Adenilatoquinase, junto com a creatinaquinase, são responsáveis pela rede de transferência de fosfato, cruciais a homeostasia energética. Considerando que a cistina inibe a atividade da creatinaquinase, que as duas enzimas contem grupamentos tiólicos, e há uma forte interação entre as duas atividades, nosso principal objetivo foi investigar os efeitos da cistina na atividade da adenilatoquinase em córtex cerebral de ratos Wistar. Para os estudos in vivo, os animais foram injetados duas vezes ao dia com 1,6 mmol/g de peso corporal de cistina dimetil éster e/ou 0,46 mmol/g de peso corporal de cisteamina. Os animais foram tratados do vigésimo quinto dia ao vigésimo nono dia de vida e foram sacrificados 12 horas após a última injeção. Cistina inibiu a atividade da enzima in vitro de forma dose-dependente, ao passo que cisteamina preveniu a inibição. A atividade da adenilatoquinase diminuiu no córtex cerebral dos ratos com sobrecarga com cistina dimetiléster e a co-administração com cisteamina preveniu a diminuição da atividade de enzima. Considerando que a adenilatoquinase, juntamente com a creatinaquinase, é essencial para a homeostase energética, a liberação de cistina pelos lisossomos com consequente inibição enzimática, podem prejudicar a homeostasia energética, contribuindo para o dano tecidual em pacientes com cistinose.Cystinosis is a systemic genetic disease caused by a lysosomal transport deficiency accumulating cystine in the lysosomes of almost all tissues. Although tissue damage might depend on cystine accumulation, the molecular mechanisms of tissue damage are still obscures. Adenylate kinase, along with creatine kinase, is responsible for the enzymatic phosphotransfer network, crucial for energy homeostasis. Taking into account that cystine is known to inhibit creatine kinase activity, the two enzymes have thiol groups, and the strong interaction between the two activities, our main objective was to investigate the effect of cystine on adenylate kinase activity in the brain cortex of Wistar rats. Cystine inhibited the enzyme activity in vitro in a concentration dependent way, whereas cysteamine prevented the inhibition. For the in vivo studies, the animals were injected twice a day with 1.6 mmol/g body weight of cystine dimethylester and/or 0.46 mmol/g body weight of cysteamine from the 25th to the 29th postpartum day and sacrificed after 12 hours. Adenylate kinase activity was found diminished in the brain cortex of rats loaded with cystine dimethylester and co-administration of cysteamine prevented the diminution of the enzyme activity. Considering that adenylate kinase together with creatine kinase is crucial for energy homeostasis, the release of cystine from lysosomes with consequent enzymes inhibition could impair energy homeostasis, contributing to tissue damage in patients with cystinosis

Volume for muscle hypertrophy and health outcomes: The most effective variable in resistance training

Resistance training is the most effective method to increase muscle mass. It has also been shown to promote many health benefits. Although it is deemed safe and of clinical relevance for treating and preventing a vast number of diseases, a time-efficient and minimal dose of exercise has been the focus of a great number of research studies. Similarly, an inverted U-shaped relationship between training dose/volume and physiological response has been hypothesized to exist. However, the majority of available evidence supports a clear dose-response relationship between resistance training volume and physiological responses, such as muscle hypertrophy and health outcomes. Additionally, there is a paucity of data to support the inverted U-shaped response. Although it may indeed exist, it appears to be much more plastic than previously thought. The overarching principle argued herein is that volume is the most easily modifiable variable that has the most evidenced-based response with important repercussions, be these muscle hypertrophy or health-related outcomes