Evaluation of apical root resorption In endodontically treated and vital teeth in adult orthodontic subjects.

BACKGROUND: External apical root resorption (EARR) is one of the detrimental outcomes of an orthodontic treatment. The study was aimed to compare the mean EARR between endodontically treated and its contralateral vital tooth in adult orthodontic subjects. METHODS: A total of 30 subjects were included in the study. EARR was evaluated on pretreatment and post-treatment orthopantomograms using Rogan Delft View Pro-X software. Equal number of endodontically treated and their contralateral vital teeth were evaluated. Linge and Linge method was used to evaluate the pretreatment and post-treatment root lengths. For comparison of EARR between genders, treatment type and vital versus endodontically treated teeth, Mann-Whitney U Test was applied. Spearman correlation was applied to determine the correlation of EARR with age of the patient, duration of treatment and pretreatment root length. A probability value of ≤0.05 was kept as statistically significant. RESULTS: Vital teeth showed more root resorption as compared to endodontically treated teeth and in females as compared to males. A weak positive correlation was found between the root resorption and patient\u27s age & pretreatment root length. In vital teeth, a weak negative correlation was appeared between root resorption and duration of the treatment. However, none of these correlations were significant. CONCLUSIONS: EARR appeared to be greater in vital as compared to the root filled teeth and in females as compared to the males. However, EARR was not significantly correlated with duration of treatment, age of patient and pretreatment root length

Geology, Petrographical Features and Ore Mineralization of Volcanic Hosted Iron Ore Deposit in the Mashki Chah Area Chagai District, Balochistan, Pakistan

The Mashki Chah iron ore deposits are located in the western Chagai magmatic belt and hosted withinandesitic rock units in the Late Cretaceous Sinjrani Volcanic Group. Geometry, morphology, and structure of iron orehave massive, thin to thick-bedded and veins type of iron. The major ore type including magnetite as primarymineralization of iron ore and hematite, siderite, goethite, and limonite are secondary mineralization of iron ore.Petrographically, the iron ore is hosted within the basic to the intermediate type of units (Basaltic Andesite, Andesite,and Dacite) within the Late Cretaceous Sinjrani Volcanic Group. Major constituents of basaltic andesitic units arecomposed of clinopyroxene and amphibole with minor constituents of quartz. Andesitic units consist of plagioclase,hornblende, k-feldspar, quartz and biotite. The dacitic unit is comprised of quartz, albite, k-feldspar, biotite, andmuscovite. SEM-EDX and BSE analysis of ore mineralization of iron ore to identify the mineral crystal structure,texture, and elemental composition of iron ore. BSE images indicate the crystal morphology of magnetite and hematitehave well-developed cubic and octahedron crystal shapes with a coarse grain texture. Elemental composition isidentified by the EDX graph that is indicated the high peaks of Fe and O elements associated with the high peak rockforming minerals elements Si and O with sub-peaks of Al, Na, K, and Ca and as well as have sub-peaks of ore-formingmineral elements are include a Cu, Ag, Ti, and Sn. The total iron reserve in the deposit area is approximately about 45to 50 million tons and an average percentage of magnetite is 86.16% and hematite is about 69.40 %. These ore deposithas significant value for economic purpose and as well as economically the Mashki Chah iron ore deposit is viable foriron ore mining

Planar SIW leaky wave antenna with electronically reconfigurable E-and H-plane scanning

This paper reports on a novel technique of switching radiation characteristics electronically between E-and H-planes of planar Substrate Integrated Waveguide Leaky Wave Antennas (SIW-LWAs). The leaky wave mode is achieved through increasing the pitch of bounding metallic via posts on one side of SIW transmission section. The radiation switching is achieved by extending the top and bottom metallic planes to a distance of 1 mm along the leakage side. The extended section acts as a parallel plate section which is conveniently connected or disconnected from the leaking side of SIW through PIN diodes. The ‘ON’ state of PIN diodes extends the metal guides and results in the H-plane leakage whereas ‘OFF’ state of PIN diodes truncates the extended metal earlier and alter the leakage line boundary condition towards E-plane. The whole concept is validated by series of simulations followed by the realization and testing of the SIW-LWA. The measured radiation pattern scans about 54° in the E-plane between 10.0 GHz to 11.7 GHz, and 58° in the H-plane from 9 GHz to 10.6 GHz. The proposed topology is a suitable candidate for remote sensing and airborne applications

Electrochemical Techniques for the Detection of Heavy Metals

The present chapter emphases on the approach of electrochemical sensor of metallic oxide nanocomposites to sense/detect heavy metal ions. Several methods have been incorporated with modified electrode for the sensing/detection of heavy metal ions. Among these methods square wave anodic stripping voltammetry method and differential normal pulse voltammetry method have been tested and being recommended for the individual analysis as well as simultaneous analysis of heavy metal ions by various researchers. We also endorse the said methods as the best choice for sensing of heavy metal ions however the material phase (plane) is also of specific importance in this regard. We suggest that these methods may be practiced by chemical industries the main sources of heavy metal ions waste. Furthermore, the statistical approach for the detection limit (3σ method) has been illustrated in the last paragraph of this unit

Factors affecting changes in soft tissue profile after various treatment modalities for skeletal Class II malocclusion: A cross-sectional study

INTRODUCTION: Various treatment modalities are used to treat skeletal Class II malocclusion with different effects on the soft tissue. This study was aimed to determine factors affecting changes in soft tissue profile after various treatment modalities for skeletal Class II malocclusion. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted using pre-treatment and post-treatment lateral cephalograms of 141 subjects. The sample consisted of 47 patients treated with Clark\u27s Twin Block, 47 with first premolar extractions, and 47 with Class II elastics. The post-treatment cephalograms were superimposed on pre-treatment radiographs using stable landmarks: anterior wall of sella turcica and anterior cranial base. The changes in profile were evaluated by paired t-test using X-Y co-ordinate system. Changes in profile were predicted by using multi-variable linear regression analysis. Level of significance was kept at P≤0.05. RESULTS: The changes in soft tissue profile were statistically significant for all the landmarks (P\u3c0.001) of nose, upper and lower lip, and chin in horizontal and vertical direction, except subnasale and labrale superius in the horizontal direction. The soft tissue profile changes can be predicted for all landmarks with various prediction powers except pronasale, subnasale, and inferior labial sulcus in the vertical direction. CONCLUSIONS: Almost all the soft tissue landmarks of nose and lower third of the face exhibit downward and forward movement. The changes in the upper lip in both horizontal and vertical directions were found to be more predictable than those occurring in the lower lip

Effects of transpression on the rocks exposed at the Jhelum Fault Zone in the east of Potwar Basin, Pakistan: implications on the subsurface deformation pattern

AbstractJhelum Fault is the north–south-oriented major structural lineament originating from the Hazara-Kashmir Syntaxis and extending southwards towards the Mangla Lake. Geographic extent, nature and significance of Jhelum Fault are the subjects which have been approached by different researchers in the past. The previous research provides enough evidence for the presence of Jhelum Fault as well as they discourse its surface extent. None of the previous research addresses the subsurface model of this fault; consequently, its surface extent has been ambiguous and variably reported. The current research takes into account both the surface lineament as well as the subsurface behaviour of the deformed strata to draft the most reasonable depiction of this fault. Field data were coupled with satellite image of 1.5 m ground resolution to produce the geological map of the study area at 1:25,000 scale. The subsurface model was created along four traverse lines by considering the lateral extent of the structures and their shifting trends on the geological map. The stratigraphic package was taken from the nearby hydrocarbon exploratory well data (Missakeswal-01 well of OGDCL) as no rocks older than middle to late Miocene were exposed in the area. The consistent through-going map extents of many faults in the study area prove that faults are playing the major role in the tectonic evolution of the Jhelum Fault Zone. In the subsurface model, the same faults show very little stratigraphic throw, which signify the major stress component to be associated more with wrenching than pure compression. Therefore, most faults in the area are of transpressional nature having dominant lateral component with relatively smaller push towards west on steeply east dipping faults. The model also shows the positive flower structure with dominantly west verging fault system with few east verging back thrusts. The subsurface proposed model shows that the Jhelum Fault is extendible southwards to the Mangla Lake in the subsurface; however, it acts like a continuous shear zone on the surface where there all the shearing is accommodated by tight refolded fold axes. The east–west shortening does not exceed 14.5% which shows smaller compression in the study area. The 3D model further clarifies the model by showing the consistency of the fault system along strike.</jats:p

Functionalized Graphene Oxide-Based Lamellar Membranes with Tunable Nanochannels for Ionic and Molecular Separation

Graphene oxide (GO)-based membranes with tunable microstructure and controlled nanochannels have attracted an increasing interest for various applications in wastewater treatment, desalination, gas separation, organic nanofiltration, etc. However, they showed limited use in water desalination due to their lower stability and separation efficiency. In this work, a class of two-dimensional (2D) GO lamellar membranes have been prepared with controlled pores for efficient and fast separation of ions and dye molecules. The GO membranes are fucntionalized with a star-like 6-armed poly(ethylene oxide) using the simple amidation route under mild conditions. The as-prepared covalently cross-linked networks are chemically steady in aqueous medium and show remarkable selectivity (similar to 100%) for several probe molecules and 10-100 higher permeance than those of the reported GO-based membranes. Further, such membranes are also used for salt separation and show more than 80% rejection for Pb2+ and Ni2+ salts. Moreover, a 1360 nm-thick membrane shows >99% rejection for NaCl with a good water permeance of up to 120 L m(-2) bar(-1). Additionally, these membranes are stable for more than 20 days under different conditions

Functionalized Graphene Oxide-Based Lamellar Membranes with Tunable Nanochannels for Ionic and Molecular Separation

Graphene oxide (GO)-based membranes with tunable microstructure and controlled nanochannels have attracted an increasing interest for various applications in wastewater treatment, desalination, gas separation, organic nanofiltration, etc. However, they showed limited use in water desalination due to their lower stability and separation efficiency. In this work, a class of two-dimensional (2D) GO lamellar membranes have been prepared with controlled pores for efficient and fast separation of ions and dye molecules. The GO membranes are fucntionalized with a star-like 6-armed poly(ethylene oxide) using the simple amidation route under mild conditions. The as-prepared covalently cross-linked networks are chemically steady in aqueous medium and show remarkable selectivity (similar to 100%) for several probe molecules and 10-100 higher permeance than those of the reported GO-based membranes. Further, such membranes are also used for salt separation and show more than 80% rejection for Pb2+ and Ni2+ salts. Moreover, a 1360 nm-thick membrane shows >99% rejection for NaCl with a good water permeance of up to 120 L m(-2) bar(-1). Additionally, these membranes are stable for more than 20 days under different conditions