1,088 research outputs found
On the entropy of plasmas described with regularized -distributions
In classical thermodynamics the entropy is an extensive quantity, i.e.\ the
sum of the entropies of two subsystems in equilibrium with each other is equal
to the entropy of the full system consisting of the two subsystems. The
extensitivity of entropy has been questioned in the context of a theoretical
foundation for the so-called -distributions, which describe plasma
constituents with power-law velocity distributions. We demonstrate here, by
employing the recently introduced {\it regularized -distributions},
that entropy can be defined as an extensive quantity even for such
power-law-like distributions that truncate exponentially.Comment: Preprint accepted for publication in Phys. Rev.
Pitch-angle scattering in magnetostatic turbulence. I. Test-particle simulations and the validity of analytical results
Context. Spacecraft observations have motivated the need for a refined
description of the phase-space distribution function. Of particular importance
is the pitch-angle diffusion coefficient that occurs in the Fokker-Planck
transport equation. Aims. Simulations and analytical test-particle theories are
compared to verify the diffusion description of particle transport, which does
not allow for non-Markovian behavior. Methods. A Monte-Carlo simulation code
was used to trace the trajectories of test particles moving in turbulent
magnetic fields. From the ensemble average, the pitch-angle Fokker-Planck
coefficient is obtained via the mean square displacement. Results. It is shown
that, while excellent agreement with analytical theories can be obtained for
slab turbulence, considerable deviations are found for isotropic turbulence. In
addition, all Fokker-Planck coefficients tend to zero for high time values.Comment: 8 pages, 10 figures, accepted for publication in Astron. Astrophy
Dual Maxwellian-Kappa modelling of the solar wind electrons: new clues on the temperature of Kappa populations
Context. Recent studies on Kappa distribution functions invoked in space
plasma applications have emphasized two alternative approaches which may assume
the temperature parameter either dependent or independent of the power-index
. Each of them can obtain justification in different scenarios
involving Kappa-distributed plasmas, but direct evidences supporting any of
these two alternatives with measurements from laboratory or natural plasmas are
not available yet. Aims. This paper aims to provide more facts on this
intriguing issue from direct fitting measurements of suprathermal electron
populations present in the solar wind, as well as from their destabilizing
effects predicted by these two alternating approaches. Methods. Two fitting
models are contrasted, namely, the global Kappa and the dual Maxwellian-Kappa
models, which are currently invoked in theory and observations. The
destabilizing effects of suprathermal electrons are characterized on the basis
of a kinetic approach which accounts for the microscopic details of the
velocity distribution. Results. In order to be relevant, the model is chosen to
accurately reproduce the observed distributions and this is achieved by a dual
Maxwellian-Kappa distribution function. A statistical survey indicates a
-dependent temperature of the suprathermal (halo) electrons for any
heliocentric distance. Only for this approach the instabilities driven by the
temperature anisotropy are found to be systematically stimulated by the
abundance of suprathermal populations, i.e., lowering the values of
-index.Comment: Submitted to A&
A criterion to discriminate between solar and cosmic ray forcing of the terrestrial climate
International audienceThere is increasing evidence that there exist interstellar-terrestrial relations and that the heliosphere's effectivity to serve as a protecting shield for the Earth, specifically against cosmic rays, is varying in time. Nonetheless, a debate is going on whether, amongst other drivers, the Sun or the cosmic rays are influencing the terrestrial climate, particularly on periods of hundred years and shorter. As the modelling of the transport of cosmic rays in the heliosphere has evolved from pure test particle simulations to far more consistent treatments, one can explain various correlations within the framework of physical models and one can make quantitative predictions regarding terrestrial indicators of interstellar-terrestrial relations. This level of understanding and modelling allows to identify a criterion with which one can discriminate between solar and cosmic ray forcing on a period of several decades. We define such a criterion and discuss related existing observations
The Science with the Interstellar Heliopause Probe
International audienceAfter the exciting in-situ observations of the termination shock and the entry of the Voyager 1 spacecraft in the heliosheath, there is a growing awareness of the significance of the physics of the outer heliosphere. Its understanding helps to clarify the structure of our immediate interstellar neighbourhood, contributes to the clarification of fundamental astrophysical processes like the acceleration of charged particles at a steller wind termination shock, and also sheds light on the question to what extent interstellar-terrestrial relations are important for the environment of and on the Earth. Consequently, there are new seriously discussed suggestions for sending a modern spacecraft into the heliosheath and beyond. One of those candidates is the Interstellar Heliopause Probe (IHP) that has been studied in a Technology Reference Study by ESA/ESTEC. Here, we discuss the science objectives and expected scientific performance of this mission
MHD Simulation of the Inner-Heliospheric Magnetic Field
Maps of the radial magnetic field at a heliocentric distance of ten solar
radii are used as boundary conditions in the MHD code CRONOS to simulate a 3D
inner-heliospheric solar wind emanating from the rotating Sun out to 1 AU. The
input data for the magnetic field are the result of solar surface flux
transport modelling using observational data of sunspot groups coupled with a
current sheet source surface model. Amongst several advancements, this allows
for higher angular resolution than that of comparable observational data from
synoptic magnetograms. The required initial conditions for the other MHD
quantities are obtained following an empirical approach using an inverse
relation between flux tube expansion and radial solar wind speed. The
computations are performed for representative solar minimum and maximum
conditions, and the corresponding state of the solar wind up to the Earths
orbit is obtained. After a successful comparison of the latter with
observational data, they can be used to drive outer-heliospheric models.Comment: for associated wmv movie files accompanying Figure 7, see
http://www.tp4.rub.de/~tow/max.wmv and http://www.tp4.rub.de/~tow/min.wm
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