Fichte and Hegel on Recognition

In this paper I provide an interpretation of Hegel’s account of ‘recognition’ (Anerkennung) in the 1802-3 System of Ethical Life as a critique of Fichte’s account of recognition in the 1796-7 Foundations of Natural Right. In the first three sections of the paper I argue that Fichte’s account of recognition in the domain of right is not concerned with recognition as a moral attitude. I then turn, in section four, to a discussion of Hegel’s critique and transformation of Fichte’s conception of recognition. Hegel’s transformation consists, I argue, in the claim that a comprehensive account of recognition in the domain of right must be concerned with recognition as a moral attitude

Doctrina de la Ciencia nova methodo

"Querer es algo originario, lo más primario e inmediato ¡Quiere una vez y mira cómo lo haces! (...) Querer algo es una experiencia categórica incondicionada. Lo querido aparece como un postulado absoluto de efectividad que exige sólo este ser y ningún otro. En el querer nos manifestamos como produciendo algo nuevo que antes no existía (...) El querer aparece, por tanto, como productor desde una limitación autorealizativa de la capacidad de la voluntad (...) Según esto, la voluntad es algo absoluto; sujeto y objeto son uno y precisamente lo mismo (...) Soy uno, el que quiere y el que piensa queriendo. (Sucede así con el querer lo mismo que con el sentimiento: que también según lo anterior, era absoluto e inmediato) Así algo inmediato es necesario para deducir de él lo mediato. De ahí que el querer sea lo más alto y originario: si no me pienso queriendo, nada es (...) No llego a ser nada, sino que soy absolutamente mediante la voluntad pura. En virtud de ella mi esencia completa -ser- está determinada. Soy un ser que quiere para toda la eternidad. Este querer puro es mi ser, y mi ser es mi querer. Nada puede añadirse a esto. Antes lo llamábamos la realidad originaria (raíz) del Yo; pues sólo un querer, y el querer puro, es capaz de llegar a ser inmediatamente objeto de la conciencia. De ahí que este querer puro tenga que tener realidad originaria (...) La Doctrina de la Ciencia considera el mundo inteligible como condición del mundo de los fenómenos. Este se construye sobre aquél, y el mundo inteligible reposa sobre el Yo, y éste sobre sí mismo. Sólo en el querer del Yo, sujeto y objeto son uno y el mismo a la vez; mediante el querer y el pensar del querer, el Yo produce algo nuevo. El concepto de querer es, por tanto, aquél sobre el que se fundamenta todo lo espiritual, todo lo que consiste en un mero pensar, y por eso el Yo mismo es espíritu puro (...) ¡Quien soy yo? Aquél en el que me convierto; mi determinación depende de mi libre decisión, y ésta surge de la tarea de limitarme a mí mismo. ¿Quién debo ser yo? Esto reside en mi individualidad. La voluntad pura no está limitada mediante un ser, sino que en ella reside originariamente la ley de cómo debe limitarse a lo largo del tiempo. Es la ley moral.

Fundamento del derecho natural según los principios de la doctrina de la ciencia

1.-El carácter de la racionalidad consiste en que el agente [das Handelnde] y lo actuado [das Behandelte] son uno y lo mismo; y con esta descripción se ha agotado el ámbito de la razón como tal. El uso del lenguaje ha depositado en la palabra Yo este concepto sublime para aquéllos que son capaces de él, para los que son capaces de la abstracción de su propio Yo

Simplified modeling of EM field coupling to complex cable bundles

In this contribution, the procedure "Equivalent Cable Bundle Method" is used for the simplification of large cable bundles, and it is extended to the application on differential signal lines. The main focus is on the reduction of twisted-pair cables. Furthermore, the process presented here allows to take into account cables with wires that are situated quite close to each other. The procedure is based on a new approach to calculate the geometry of the simplified cable and uses the fact that the line parameters do not uniquely correspond to a certain geometry. For this reason, an optimization algorithm is applied

Generation of anti-TLR2 intrabody mediating inhibition of macrophage surface TLR2 expression and TLR2-driven cell activation

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 is a component of the innate immune system and senses specific pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) of both microbial and viral origin. Cell activation via TLR2 and other pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) contributes to sepsis pathology and chronic inflammation both relying on overamplification of an immune response. Intracellular antibodies expressed and retained inside the endoplasmatic reticulum (ER-intrabodies) are applied to block translocation of secreted and cell surface molecules from the ER to the cell surface resulting in functional inhibition of the target protein. Here we describe generation and application of a functional anti-TLR2 ER intrabody (αT2ib) which was generated from an antagonistic monoclonal antibody (mAb) towards human and murine TLR2 (T2.5) to inhibit the function of TLR2. αT2ib is a scFv fragment comprising the variable domain of the heavy chain and the variable domain of the light chain of mAb T2.5 linked together by a synthetic (Gly₄Ser)₃amino acid sequence.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Coexpression of αT2ib and mouse TLR2 in HEK293 cells led to efficient retention and accumulation of TLR2 inside the ER compartment. Co-immunoprecipitation of human TLR2 with αT2ib indicated interaction of αT2ib with its cognate antigen within cells. αT2ib inhibited NF-κB driven reporter gene activation via TLR2 but not through TLR3, TLR4, or TLR9 if coexpressed in HEK293 cells. Co-transfection of human TLR2 with increasing amounts of the expression plasmid encoding αT2ib into HEK293 cells demonstrated high efficiency of the TLR2-αT2ib interaction. The αT2ib open reading frame was integrated into an adenoviral cosmid vector for production of recombinant adenovirus (AdV)-αT2ib. Transduction with AdVαT2ib specifically inhibited TLR2 surface expression of murine RAW264.7 and primary macrophages derived from bone marrow (BMM). Furthermore, TLR2 activation dependent TNFα mRNA accumulation, as well as TNFα translation and release by macrophages were largely abrogated upon transduction of αT2ib. αT2ib was expressed in BMM and splenocytes over 6 days upon systemic infection with AdVαT2ib. Systemic transduction applying AdVαT2ib rendered immune cells largely non-responsive to tripalmitoyl-peptide challenge. Our results show persistent paralysis of TLR2 activity and thus inhibition of immune activation.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The generated anti-TLR2 scFv intrabody inhibits specifically and very efficiently TLR2 ligand-driven cell activation <it>in vitro </it>and <it>ex vivo</it>. This indicates a therapeutic potential of αT2ib in microbial or viral infections.</p

Concentration or representation : the struggle for popular sovereignty

There is a tension in the notion of popular sovereignty, and the notion of democracy associated with it, that is both older than our terms for these notions themselves and more fundamental than the apparently consensual way we tend to use them today. After a review of the competing conceptions of 'the people' that underlie two very different understandings of democracy, this article will defend what might be called a 'neo-Jacobin' commitment to popular sovereignty, understood as the formulation and imposition of a shared political will. A people's egalitarian capacity to concentrate both its collective intelligence and force, from this perspective, takes priority over concerns about how best to represent the full variety of positions and interests that differentiate and divide a community