Effect of different breed on Ragusano cheese quality

Specific objectives: Ragusano PDO cheese is a traditional dairy product of Sicily, the aim of the study was to characterised parameters of milk and Ragusano PDO cheese in different breeds. Experimental methods: The research was carried out in two farms in province of Ragusa, samples of Bruna (BR) and Modicana (MD) milk were taken during winter and stored prior to analysis. Chemical composition (dry matter, fat, protein, ash, casein, NNC) and lactodinamographic parameters of milk were determined. Ragusano PDO cheese was obtained after ripening period (four months) and chemical analysis (dry matter, ash, ether extract, crude protein) were carried out. Statistical analysis. Chemical and technological parameters of milk, chemical composition of cheese were examined by one-way ANOVA. When significant effects were found (P≤0.05), differences were determined using t-student. Data analyses were performed using JMP software of SAS (SAS Instit., NC, USA). Results and conclusions: The moisture of milk was higher in BR than MD (87.19% vs. 86.20%), although the ash content was greater in MD (0.82% vs. 0.76%). Crude fat showed a higher result in BR as the casein content (3.61% vs. 3.12%) and the casein/crude protein ratio (85.01% vs. 80.86%). Non-casein nitrogen was higher for MD than BR (0.74% vs. 0.64%), while crude protein didn't show differences between the breeds. The technological parameters of milk showed differences for k20 and a30 parameters. The rennet clotting time (r) didn't show significant difference for the breeds (13:30 min vs. 15:15 min). Curd firmness (k20) evidenced a longer period for BR than MD (06:15 min vs. 02:55 min), although final curd firmness 30 min after rennet addition (a30) was found higher in MD (28.96 mm vs. 21.74 mm). The chemical composition of cheese showed differences in dry matter and ash content. BR showed higher moisture level than MD (34.09 % vs. 32.59 %) while the ash level were higher in MD breed (5.95 % vs. 5.28 %). The difference of dry matter and ash level of the breeds can be assessed to the effect of seasoning, instead no correlation were found for protein and fat. It's know how MD has lower productive performance than BR, although in this trial the quality parameters of milk and cheese of autochthonous breed, as Modicana, is comparable with Bruna. Moreover samples of cheese didn't show differences for fat and protein content; for these reasons MD seems to be more carefully to be chosen for the production of Ragusano PDO cheese.chosen for the production of Ragusano PDO cheese

Effect of different processing methods on the nutritional characteristics and tannin content of fababean seed (Vicia faba minor)

In the last years, because of their high protein content, the demand of legume seeds is significantly increased. In the centre and southern Italy fababean (Vicia faba minor) can play an important role as alternative protein source in ruminant nutrition. In this trial has been studied the effect of different treatments (flaking, cooking, dehulling, germination) on the in vitro digestibility and tannin content of fababean seeds. The in vitro OM and NDF digestibility of seeds were significantly (P<0.05) improved by dehulling and flaking. The in vitro OM digestibility of dehulled fababean (99.27%) showed higher values (P<0.05) than the other treated seeds as well as in vitro NDF digestibility (90.33%, P<0.05). Germination of fababean reduces the in vitro digestibility of OM and NDF. Cooking in water was more effective in reducing tannins than other treatments. Compared to the untreated the cooked has significantly (P<0.05) reduced the tannin content over 55% (2.71 g/kgDM vs. 6.10 g/kgDM). Germinated fababean did not affect the tannin content of seeds. The results from this trial suggest that thermal treatments applied to fababean seeds in order to reduce the tannins must be evaluated according to the cost/benefits ratio because this factors in seeds is low (<10 g/kgDM)

preliminary research on environmental impact of woodland grazing by pigs

6 castrate pigs about 30 kg live weight each entered in a fence into hilly woodland area. The pigs were bred until about 140 kg live weight. After 10 months of pasture breeding, the environmental damages (cover ground, plants and soil characteristics) by rooting and trampling were evaluated. The damages to cover ground and to shrubs and to physical structure (Fissures and Aggregate stability) caused hydro-geological instability with soil erosion and landslides. Removing surface layers of soil caused considerable loss of organic matter (Total Organic Carbon and Total Nitrogen), microbial activity (Microbial ATP and breathing) and enzyme activity changes (Total β−glucosidase and Extra cellular β−glucosidase). Damages to native plants are different in relation to the root and the trunk kinds, and to the palatability of leaves and apexes which result inversely related whit the abundance of disagreeable substances content (ADL, Tannins, Resins, Latex)

Environmental impact caused by wild ungulates in protected areas

Protected areas play a crucial role for conservation of natural habilats and ecosystems. Protecting biodiversity means maintaining in good condition ecological processes in order to ensure a good state of harmony between natural resources and environmental conservation. It is known that one of the major threats of the Conservation is the presence of alien or invasive species, especial/y if they are introduced in protected areas. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) writes in the list of the 100 invasive species the wild boar (Sus scrofa L.) and the goat (Capra hircus L.). These ungulates represent a serious threat for natural ecosystems because they are able to alter natural habilats reducing biodiversity. The primary aim of this study is to evaluate some aspects connected with environmental relationships mainly between flora and fauna in protected areas, focusing on wild boars and feral goats. Secondly, it is analysed "Human dimension" aspect caused by presence and damage of wild animals finked to damage to crops and to dry stone wall supporting the typical cultivated terraces. To reach our goal we use as a case study the Portofino Natural Park in North-West Italy, because it houses one of the largest biodiversity concentration in the Mediterranean area. In this protected area the wild boar is the most invasive between the two studied animai species, because of soil damages that influence hydro-geological balance of territory. Finally, this species can quickly increase its population for the high prolificacy and low biological and predator mortality

Childhood obesity and SARS-CoV2: dangerous liaisons

BACKGROUND: Nowadays obesity and CoronaVIrus Disease-19 (COVID-19), for some extent, represent two major public health problems worldwide. These diseases, albeit extremely different, have a pandemi..

The influence of growth hormone on pediatric body composition: A systematic review

Background: Growth hormone (GH) affects metabolism and regulates growth in childhood. The most prominent feature of GH deficiency (GHD) in children is diminished height velocity that eventually leads to short stature. In adult-onset GHD, lean body mass (LBM) is reduced, and visceral fat mass (FM) increased. Beneficial effects of GH treatment on body composition in adults with GHD, including an increase in muscle mass and a decrease in FM, are well established. Relatively few studies have investigated the effects of GH treatment on the body composition of pediatric patients with idiopathic or hypothalamic-pituitary disease-associated GH deficiency. This systematic review aimed to summarize available evidence relating to the effects of GH treatment on body composition in children with GHD. Methods: The PubMed, Science Direct, Cochrane Trials, and Embase databases, were searched with keywords including "GH", "body composition", "children", and "growth hormone" for English-language articles, published between January 1999 and March 2021. Two reviewers independently evaluated the search results and identified studies for inclusion based on the following criteria: participants had a confirmed diagnosis of GHD (as defined in each study); participants were pediatric patients who were receiving GH or had stopped GH treatment, regardless of whether they were pre- or post-pubertal; the intervention was recombinant human GH (rhGH; somatropin); and outcomes included changes in body composition during or after stopping GH therapy. Data extracted from each study included study quality, study sample characteristics, study interventions, and body composition. Data on fat-free mass and LBM were combined into a single category of LBM. Results: Sixteen studies reporting changes in body composition (i.e., FM and LBM) associated with GH treatment in children with GHD were identified and included in the review. Collectively, these studies demonstrated that FM decreased, and LBM increased in response to GH replacement therapy. Conclusion: Despite study limitations (i.e., potential effects of diet and physical activity were not considered), we concluded that a periodic body composition assessment is required to ensure that a satisfactory body composition is achieved during GH replacement therapy in children with GHD

Effects of COVID-19 Lockdown on Lifestyle Behaviors in Children with Obesity Living in Verona, Italy: A Longitudinal Study

Objective: The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that youths with obesity, when removed from structured school activities and confined to their homes during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, will display unfavorable trends in lifestyle behaviors. Methods: The sample included 41 children and adolescents with obesity participating in a longitudinal observational study located in Verona, Italy. Lifestyle information including diet, activity, and sleep behaviors was collected at baseline and 3 weeks into the national lockdown during which home confinement was mandatory. Changes in outcomes over the two study time points were evaluated for significance using paired t tests. Results: There were no changes in reported vegetable intake; fruit intake increased (P = 0.055) during the lockdown. By contrast, potato chip, red meat, and sugary drink intakes increased significantly during the lockdown (P value range, 0.005 to &lt; 0.001). Time spent in sports activities decreased by 2.30 (SD 4.60) h/wk (P = 0.003), and sleep time increased by 0.65 (SD 1.29) h/d (P = 0.003). Screen time increased by 4.85 (SD 2.40) h/d (P &lt; 0.001). Conclusions: Recognizing these adverse collateral effects of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic lockdown is critical in avoiding depreciation of weight control efforts among youths afflicted with excess adiposity. Depending on duration, these untoward lockdown effects may have a lasting impact on a child's or adolescent's adult adiposity level

Effects of COVID-19 lockdown on lifestyle behaviors in children with obesity: Longitudinal study update

Objective: A previous report from our group identified directionally unfavorable dietary and lifestyle behavior trends in longitudinally monitored children and adolescents with obesity early in the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown. The current study aimed at extending these previous observations in youths with obesity on the dietary and lifestyle behavioral consequences of the extended COVID-19 lockdown in Verona, Italy.Methods: The sample included 32 children and adolescents with obesity participating in the longitudinal OBELIX study. Diet and lifestyle information were collected pre-pandemic, 3 weeks into the national lockdown, and 9 months later when home confinement continued to be mandatory. Changes in outcomes over the study time points were evaluated for significance using repeated-measures ANOVA and post-hoc pairwise t-tests with Bonferroni corrections.Results: As previously reported, meals/day, fried potato intake, and red meat ingestion increased significantly (p &lt; 0.001) during the initial lockdown. Sleep time and screen time increased and sports participation decreased significantly (p &lt; 0.001) during the initial lockdown. These changes in health behaviors remained significantly different from baseline at the second lockdown assessment, with the exception sleep time returned to baseline levels.Conclusions: Unfavorable diet and lifestyle behavioral changes in response to the initial COVID-19 lockdown in children and adolescents with obesity have largely been sustained over the course of the pandemic. There is an urgent need to intervene on these behaviors to prevent further deleterious effects on long-term child health; access to weight management care is critically important for these children. In addition to intervening on these behaviors, our findings should help to inform ongoing lockdown policies

ELT-HIRES the high resolution instrument for the ELT: optical design and instrument architecture

The first generation of ELT instruments will include an optical-infrared High Resolution Spectrograph, conventionally indicated as ELT-HIRES. This paper describes the optical design and overall architecture of the instrument whose main capabilities can be summarized as follows. - Fibers fed specrographs with resolving power R=100,000 (HR-modes), R=150,000 (UHR-modes) and R=20,000 (MR-modes). - Simultaneous wavelength coverage from 400 nm to 1800 nm; extendable to 300-2400 nm. - Spectrometers with fixed configurations and without moving optical parts. - Maximum size of entrance apertures ideal for seeing limited observations. - Many observing modes, including seeing-limited single-object spectroscopy, multi-objects medium resolution spectroscopy and IFU observations with different spatial scales, down to the diffraction limit of the ELT telescope. - Observing modes defined and selected in interfaces outside of the spectrographs. - Modular design compatible with a minimal baseline that can be subsequently expanded and upgraded

Contributi per una flora vascolare di toscana. IX (507-605)

Contributions for a vascular flora of Tuscany. IX (507-605). New localities and/or confirmations concerning 98 specific and subspecific plant taxa of Tuscan vascular flora, belonging to 81 genera and 42 families are presented: Alisma, Baldellia (Alismataceae), Chenopodium (Amaranthaceae), Sternbergia (Amaryllidaceae), Bupleurum (Apiaceae), Vinca (Apocynaceae), Muscari, Polygonatum (Asparagaceae), Carlina, Centaurea, Chondrilla, Filago, Pallenis, Tagetes, Tr a - gopogon, Tyrimnus (Asteraceae), Impatiens (Balsaminaceae), Campsis (Bignoniaceae), Cardamine, Iberis, Isatis, Lepidium, Rorippa (Brassicaceae), Humulus (Cannabaceae), Centranthus (Caprifoliaceae), Atocion, Paronychia, Sabulina, Scleranthus (Caryophyllaceae), Euonymus (Celastraceae), Fumana (Cistaceae), Phedimus, Sedum (Crassulaceae), Juniperus (Cupressacesae), Carex, Cyperus, Schoenus (Cyperaceae), Erica (Ericaceae), Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae), Astragalus, Cytisus, Gleditsia, Lotus, Trifolium, Vicia (Fabaceae), Geranium (Geraniaceae), Philadelphus (Hydrangeaceae), Phacelia (Hydrophyllaceae), Hermodactylus, Iris, Romulea (Iridaceae), Salvia, Ziziphora (Lamiaceae), Gagea, Lilium (Liliaceae), Lindernia (Linderniaceae), Mirabilis (Nyctaginaceae), Nymphaea (Nymphaeaceae), Ligustrum (Oleaceae), Oenothera (Onagraceae), Oxalis (Oxalidaceae), Plantago, Veronica (Plantaginaceae), Armeria (Plumbaginaceae), Eleusine, Festuca, Phleum, Setaria, Stipa, Tragu s (Poaceae), Stuckenia (Potamogetonaceae), Anemonoides, Ranunculus (Ranunculaceae), Reseda (Resedaceae), Aphanes, Cotoneaster, Eriobotrya, Malus, Rosa (Rosaceae), Galium (Rubiaceae), Nicotiana, (Solanaceae). In the end, the conservation status of the units and possible protection of the cited biotopes are discussed