La estrategia de inserción internacional de Uruguay en el gobierno del Frente Amplio

Artículo originalEl trabajo analiza la política exterior del actual gobierno uruguayo partiendo del estudio de las bases programáticas presentadas por el Encuentro Progresista-Frente Amplio-Nueva Mayoría (EP-FA-NM) en las elecciones de 2004. La estrategia de inserción internacional del gobierno asignó prioridad al MERCOSUR como plataforma de relacionamiento con el resto del mundo. La implementación y ejecución de una política exterior pragmática, desencadena acciones concretas materializadas por el Poder Ejecutivo y debatidas al interior del sistema político. La falta de una voluntad política de Brasil y Argentina para consolidar el bloque, las disputas por el liderazgo político entre Brasil y Venezuela en Sudamérica y el conflicto por la instalación de dos plantas de pasta de celulosa sobre el Río Uruguay, llevaron a que el país explorara y transitara vías de inserción bilateral. Entre los socios elegidos para esta estrategia bilateral, Estados Unidos, Venezuela y Cuba, resalta el primero, aunque en una dimensión estrictamente económico-comercial. El estrechamiento de lazos con la potencia del norte a la vez que constituyó una aproximación sorpresiva, al provenir de un gobierno de izquierda, se transformó en una tema de consenso con los partidos políticos de oposición y de debate al interior del propio Frente Ampli

Fatores de risco em famílias de adolescentes em acolhimento institucional

Na dinâmica das famílias em situação de vulnerabilidade, estudos mostram que estão presentes diversos fatores de risco à saúde e ao desenvolvimento do adolescente, logo o presente estudo objetivou conhecer os fatores de risco em famílias de adolescentes em acolhimento institucional. Participaram da pesquisa quatro familiares que foram representadas por três mães e uma avó e as mesmas eram responsáveis pela guarda de seus filhos/netos acolhidos. Para alcançar este propósito foi aplicado o genograma com quatro familiares, diário de campo e dados biossociodemográficas coletados em um formulário. Os resultados demonstraram que essas famílias apresentaram sistemas complexos, pois se identificou diversas formas de violência na relação entre os seus membros e que não há clareza e definição dos papeis e fronteiras, além do mais, notou-se que houve casos de repetição transgeracional, principalmente em questões como: violência física, envolvimento com álcool e drogas e abuso sexual intrafamiliar.

Population structure among Mycobacterium tuberculosis Isolates from pulmonary tuberculosis patients in Colombia

Background: Phylogeographic composition of M. tuberculosis populations reveals associations between lineages and human populations that might have implications for the development of strategies to control the disease. In Latin America, lineage 4 or the Euro-American, is predominant with considerable variations among and within countries. In Colombia, although few studies from specific localities have revealed differences in M. tuberculosis populations, there are still areas of the country where this information is lacking, as is a comparison of Colombian isolates with those from the rest of the world. Principal Findings: A total of 414 M. tuberculosis isolates from adult pulmonary tuberculosis cases from three Colombian states were studied. Isolates were genotyped using IS6110-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), spoligotyping, and 24-locus Mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units variable number tandem repeats (MIRU-VNTRs). SIT42 (LAM9) and SIT62 (H1) represented 53.3% of isolates, followed by 8.21% SIT50 (H3), 5.07% SIT53 (T1), and 3.14% SIT727 (H1). Composite spoligotyping and 24-locus MIRU- VNTR minimum spanning tree analysis suggest a recent expansion of SIT42 and SIT62 evolved originally from SIT53 (T1). The proportion of Haarlem sublineage (44.3%) was significantly higher than that in neighboring countries. Associations were found between M. tuberculosis MDR and SIT45 (H1), as well as HIV-positive serology with SIT727 (H1) and SIT53 (T1). Conclusions: This study showed the population structure of M. tuberculosis in several regions from Colombia with a dominance of the LAM and Haarlem sublineages, particularly in two major urban settings (Medellı ´n and Cali). Dominant spoligotypes were LAM9 (SIT 42) and Haarlem (SIT62). The proportion of the Haarlem sublineage was higher in Colombia compared to that in neighboring countries, suggesting particular conditions of co-evolution with the corresponding human population that favor the success of this sublineage

Impact of COVID-19 on cardiovascular testing in the United States versus the rest of the world

Objectives: This study sought to quantify and compare the decline in volumes of cardiovascular procedures between the United States and non-US institutions during the early phase of the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the care of many non-COVID-19 illnesses. Reductions in diagnostic cardiovascular testing around the world have led to concerns over the implications of reduced testing for cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality. Methods: Data were submitted to the INCAPS-COVID (International Atomic Energy Agency Non-Invasive Cardiology Protocols Study of COVID-19), a multinational registry comprising 909 institutions in 108 countries (including 155 facilities in 40 U.S. states), assessing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on volumes of diagnostic cardiovascular procedures. Data were obtained for April 2020 and compared with volumes of baseline procedures from March 2019. We compared laboratory characteristics, practices, and procedure volumes between U.S. and non-U.S. facilities and between U.S. geographic regions and identified factors associated with volume reduction in the United States. Results: Reductions in the volumes of procedures in the United States were similar to those in non-U.S. facilities (68% vs. 63%, respectively; p = 0.237), although U.S. facilities reported greater reductions in invasive coronary angiography (69% vs. 53%, respectively; p < 0.001). Significantly more U.S. facilities reported increased use of telehealth and patient screening measures than non-U.S. facilities, such as temperature checks, symptom screenings, and COVID-19 testing. Reductions in volumes of procedures differed between U.S. regions, with larger declines observed in the Northeast (76%) and Midwest (74%) than in the South (62%) and West (44%). Prevalence of COVID-19, staff redeployments, outpatient centers, and urban centers were associated with greater reductions in volume in U.S. facilities in a multivariable analysis. Conclusions: We observed marked reductions in U.S. cardiovascular testing in the early phase of the pandemic and significant variability between U.S. regions. The association between reductions of volumes and COVID-19 prevalence in the United States highlighted the need for proactive efforts to maintain access to cardiovascular testing in areas most affected by outbreaks of COVID-19 infection

Democracia y política exterior: Uruguay (1985-2006)

RESUMEN: Con un abordaje histórico-descriptivo, el artículo hace un análisis de la política exterior de Uruguay entre 1985 y 2006. El comienzo del período histórico estudiado está marcado por el retorno a la democracia al cabo de la dictadura militar más larga de la historia contemporánea del país. A través de los factores internos y externos que explican la formulación y ejecución de la política exterior el artículo analiza los principales lineamientos de las estrategias de inserción del país, los actores que intervienen en el proceso de toma de decisiones en materia de política externa así como los ejes temáticos a los que se dan distintas prioridades por parte de las sucesivas administraciones que determinan la agenda resultante. Se estudia igualmente el grado de continuidad de las políticas exteriores de cada período así como el de la autonomía de las mismas.ABSTRACT: With a historic-descriptive approach, the article makes an analysis of Uruguayan foreign policy between 1985 and 2006. The beginning of the period is marked by the return to democracy at the end of the longest period of military dictatorship in the contemporary history of the country. Through the internal and external factors that explain foreign policy, the article studies the country’s international insertion, the actors that take part of the decision-making process in foreign policy as well as the themes that are prioritized by each of the successive administrations, which determine the resulting agenda. The degree of continuity of the foreign policies of each period as well as their autonomy are also studied