Relatório sobre Empreendedorismo na EUROACE 2014

As três regiões EUROACE superam o resto dos países europeus analisados no que diz respeito à educação e formação empreendedora. O Alentejo e o Centro também na transferência de R + D e no apoio ao financiamento. A Extremadura apesar de não ter uma avaliação positiva, apresenta um valor superior ao resto dos países baseados na inovação no que diz respeito às políticas e programas de governo regional para o empreendedorismo

Global Monitor Entrepreneurship Monito - Relatório Executivo 2014/15 EUROACE

Neste estudo analisa-se a situação da atividade empreendedora na EUROREGIÃO EUROACE, que inclui em Portugal o Alentejo e o Centro e em Espanha a Extremadura. As dimensões analisadas compreendem a atividade empreendedora e as suas caraterísticas, os valores, perceções e atitudes empreendedoras, aspirações da atividade empreendedora e o ambiente empreendedor na EUROACE. Os resultados levam a concluir que o ecossistema empreendedor da EUROREGIÃO EUROACE apresenta ainda debilidades importantes face à média dos países europeus cujas economias são baseadas na inovação. Entre as debilidades que deverão ser melhoradas encontram-se as infraestruturas físicas e comerciais, a abertura dos mercados, o apoio ao financiamento das empresas e as políticas governamentais.Foundación Xavier Sala

Informe - El Empreendimento en La Eurorregión EUROACE 2014

El perfil del empreendedor de la Euroace es el de un hombre, de unos 38 años, con estudios secundarios, con un nivel de renta bajo (<20000 €) y que vive en un hogar de 3 persona

Local hydrological conditions influence tree diversity and composition across the Amazon basin

Tree diversity and composition in Amazonia are known to be strongly determined by the water supplied by precipitation. Nevertheless, within the same climatic regime, water availability is modulated by local topography and soil characteristics (hereafter referred to as local hydrological conditions), varying from saturated and poorly drained to well-drained and potentially dry areas. While these conditions may be expected to influence species distribution, the impacts of local hydrological conditions on tree diversity and composition remain poorly understood at the whole Amazon basin scale. Using a dataset of 443 1-ha non-flooded forest plots distributed across the basin, we investigate how local hydrological conditions influence 1) tree alpha diversity, 2) the community-weighted wood density mean (CWM-wd) – a proxy for hydraulic resistance and 3) tree species composition. We find that the effect of local hydrological conditions on tree diversity depends on climate, being more evident in wetter forests, where diversity increases towards locations with well-drained soils. CWM-wd increased towards better drained soils in Southern and Western Amazonia. Tree species composition changed along local soil hydrological gradients in Central-Eastern, Western and Southern Amazonia, and those changes were correlated with changes in the mean wood density of plots. Our results suggest that local hydrological gradients filter species, influencing the diversity and composition of Amazonian forests. Overall, this study shows that the effect of local hydrological conditions is pervasive, extending over wide Amazonian regions, and reinforces the importance of accounting for local topography and hydrology to better understand the likely response and resilience of forests to increased frequency of extreme climate events and rising temperatures

Geography and ecology shape the phylogenetic composition of Amazonian tree communities

Aim Amazonia hosts more tree species from numerous evolutionary lineages, both young and ancient, than any other biogeographic region. Previous studies have shown that tree lineages colonized multiple edaphic environments and dispersed widely across Amazonia, leading to a hypothesis, which we test, that lineages should not be strongly associated with either geographic regions or edaphic forest types. Location Amazonia. Taxon Angiosperms (Magnoliids; Monocots; Eudicots). Methods Data for the abundance of 5082 tree species in 1989 plots were combined with a mega-phylogeny. We applied evolutionary ordination to assess how phylogenetic composition varies across Amazonia. We used variation partitioning and Moran's eigenvector maps (MEM) to test and quantify the separate and joint contributions of spatial and environmental variables to explain the phylogenetic composition of plots. We tested the indicator value of lineages for geographic regions and edaphic forest types and mapped associations onto the phylogeny. Results In the terra firme and várzea forest types, the phylogenetic composition varies by geographic region, but the igapó and white-sand forest types retain a unique evolutionary signature regardless of region. Overall, we find that soil chemistry, climate and topography explain 24% of the variation in phylogenetic composition, with 79% of that variation being spatially structured (R2 = 19% overall for combined spatial/environmental effects). The phylogenetic composition also shows substantial spatial patterns not related to the environmental variables we quantified (R2 = 28%). A greater number of lineages were significant indicators of geographic regions than forest types. Main Conclusion Numerous tree lineages, including some ancient ones (>66 Ma), show strong associations with geographic regions and edaphic forest types of Amazonia. This shows that specialization in specific edaphic environments has played a long-standing role in the evolutionary assembly of Amazonian forests. Furthermore, many lineages, even those that have dispersed across Amazonia, dominate within a specific region, likely because of phylogenetically conserved niches for environmental conditions that are prevalent within regions