26 research outputs found
An intrinsic characterization of 2+2 warped spacetimes
We give several equivalent conditions that characterize the 2+2 warped
spacetimes: imposing the existence of a Killing-Yano tensor subject to
complementary algebraic restrictions; in terms of the projector (or of the
canonical 2-form ) associated with the 2-planes of the warped product. These
planes are principal planes of the Weyl and/or Ricci tensors and can be
explicitly obtained from them. Therefore, we obtain the necessary and
sufficient (local) conditions for a metric tensor to be a 2+2 warped product.
These conditions exclusively involve explicit concomitants of the Riemann
tensor. We present a similar analysis for the conformally 2+2 product
spacetimes and give an invariant classification of them. The warped products
correspond to two of these invariant classes. The more degenerate class is the
set of product metrics which are also studied from an invariant point of view.Comment: 18 pages; submitted to Class. Quantum Grav
Vacuum type I spacetimes and aligned Papapetrou fields: symmetries
We analyze type I vacuum solutions admitting an isometry whose Killing
2--form is aligned with a principal bivector of the Weyl tensor, and we show
that these solutions belong to a family of type I metrics which admit a group
of isometries. We give a classification of this family and we study the
Bianchi type for each class. The classes compatible with an aligned Killing
2--form are also determined. The Szekeres-Brans theorem is extended to non
vacuum spacetimes with vanishing Cotton tensor.Comment: 19 pages; a reference adde
Type I vacuum solutions with aligned Papapetrou fields: an intrinsic characterization
We show that Petrov type I vacuum solutions admitting a Killing vector whose
Papapetrou field is aligned with a principal bivector of the Weyl tensor are
the Kasner and Taub metrics, their counterpart with timelike orbits and their
associated windmill-like solutions, as well as the Petrov homogeneous vacuum
solution. We recover all these metrics by using an integration method based on
an invariant classification which allows us to characterize every solution. In
this way we obtain an intrinsic and explicit algorithm to identify them.Comment: 14 pages; v2: added new section, references and tabl
On the classification of type D spacetimes
We give a classification of the type D spacetimes based on the invariant
differential properties of the Weyl principal structure. Our classification is
established using tensorial invariants of the Weyl tensor and, consequently,
besides its intrinsic nature, it is valid for the whole set of the type D
metrics and it applies on both, vacuum and non-vacuum solutions. We consider
the Cotton-zero type D metrics and we study the classes that are compatible
with this condition. The subfamily of spacetimes with constant argument of the
Weyl eigenvalue is analyzed in more detail by offering a canonical expression
for the metric tensor and by giving a generalization of some results about the
non-existence of purely magnetic solutions. The usefulness of these results is
illustrated in characterizing and classifying a family of Einstein-Maxwell
solutions. Our approach permits us to give intrinsic and explicit conditions
that label every metric, obtaining in this way an operational algorithm to
detect them. In particular a characterization of the Reissner-Nordstr\"{o}m
metric is accomplished.Comment: 29 pages, 0 figure
Painlev\'e-Gullstrand synchronizations in spherical symmetry
A Painlev\'e-Gullstrand synchronization is a slicing of the space-time by a
family of flat spacelike 3-surfaces. For spherically symmetric space-times, we
show that a Painlev\'e-Gullstrand synchronization only exists in the region
where , being the curvature radius of the isometry group
orbits (-spheres). This condition says that the Misner-Sharp gravitational
energy of these 2-spheres is not negative and has an intrinsic meaning in terms
of the norm of the mean extrinsic curvature vector. It also provides an
algebraic inequality involving the Weyl curvature scalar and the Ricci
eigenvalues. We prove that the energy and momentum densities associated with
the Weinberg complex of a Painlev\'e-Gullstrand slice vanish in these curvature
coordinates, and we give a new interpretation of these slices by using
semi-metric Newtonian connections. It is also outlined that, by solving the
vacuum Einstein's equations in a coordinate system adapted to a
Painlev\'e-Gullstrand synchronization, the Schwarzschild solution is directly
obtained in a whole coordinate domain that includes the horizon and both its
interior and exterior regions.Comment: 16 page
The Cotton tensor in Riemannian spacetimes
Recently, the study of three-dimensional spaces is becoming of great
interest. In these dimensions the Cotton tensor is prominent as the substitute
for the Weyl tensor. It is conformally invariant and its vanishing is
equivalent to conformal flatness. However, the Cotton tensor arises in the
context of the Bianchi identities and is present in any dimension. We present a
systematic derivation of the Cotton tensor. We perform its irreducible
decomposition and determine its number of independent components for the first
time. Subsequently, we exhibit its characteristic properties and perform a
classification of the Cotton tensor in three dimensions. We investigate some
solutions of Einstein's field equations in three dimensions and of the
topologically massive gravity model of Deser, Jackiw, and Templeton. For each
class examples are given. Finally we investigate the relation between the
Cotton tensor and the energy-momentum in Einstein's theory and derive a
conformally flat perfect fluid solution of Einstein's field equations in three
dimensions.Comment: 27 pages, revtex
Robust association between vascular habitats and patient prognosis in glioblastoma: an international retrospective multicenter study
This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: del Mar Álvarez-Torres, M., Juan-Albarracín, J., Fuster-Garcia, E., Bellvís-Bataller, F., Lorente, D., Reynés, G., Font de Mora, J., Aparici-Robles, F., Botella, C., Muñoz-Langa, J., Faubel, R., Asensio-Cuesta, S., García-Ferrando, G.A., Chelebian, E., Auger, C., Pineda, J., Rovira, A., Oleaga, L., Mollà-Olmos, E., Revert, A.J., Tshibanda, L., Crisi, G., Emblem, K.E., Martin, D., Due-Tønnessen, P., Meling, T.R., Filice, S., Sáez, C. and García-Gómez, J.M. (2020), Robust association between vascular habitats and patient prognosis in glioblastoma: An international multicenter study. J Magn Reson Imaging, 51: 1478-1486, which has been published in final form at https://doi.org/10.1002/jmri.26958. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving.[EN] Background Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive primary brain tumor, characterized by a heterogeneous and abnormal vascularity. Subtypes of vascular habitats within the tumor and edema can be distinguished: high angiogenic tumor (HAT), low angiogenic tumor (LAT), infiltrated peripheral edema (IPE), and vasogenic peripheral edema (VPE). Purpose To validate the association between hemodynamic markers from vascular habitats and overall survival (OS) in glioblastoma patients, considering the intercenter variability of acquisition protocols. Study Type Multicenter retrospective study. Population In all, 184 glioblastoma patients from seven European centers participating in the NCT03439332 clinical study. Field Strength/Sequence 1.5T (for 54 patients) or 3.0T (for 130 patients). Pregadolinium and postgadolinium-based contrast agent-enhanced T-1-weighted MRI, T-2- and FLAIR T-2-weighted, and dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC) T-2* perfusion. Assessment We analyzed preoperative MRIs to establish the association between the maximum relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV(max)) at each habitat with OS. Moreover, the stratification capabilities of the markers to divide patients into "vascular" groups were tested. The variability in the markers between individual centers was also assessed. Statistical Tests Uniparametric Cox regression; Kaplan-Meier test; Mann-Whitney test. Results The rCBV(max) derived from the HAT, LAT, and IPE habitats were significantly associated with patient OS (P < 0.05; hazard ratio [HR]: 1.05, 1.11, 1.28, respectively). Moreover, these markers can stratify patients into "moderate-" and "high-vascular" groups (P < 0.05). The Mann-Whitney test did not find significant differences among most of the centers in markers (HAT: P = 0.02-0.685; LAT: P = 0.010-0.769; IPE: P = 0.093-0.939; VPE: P = 0.016-1.000). Data Conclusion The rCBV(max) calculated in HAT, LAT, and IPE habitats have been validated as clinically relevant prognostic biomarkers for glioblastoma patients in the pretreatment stage. This study demonstrates the robustness of the hemodynamic tissue signature (HTS) habitats to assess the GBM vascular heterogeneity and their association with patient prognosis independently of intercenter variability. Technical Efficacy Stage: 2 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2019.This work was partially supported by: MTS4up project (National Plan for Scientific and Technical Research and Innovation 2013-2016, No. DPI2016-80054-R) (to J.M.G.G.); H2020-SC1-2016-CNECT Project (No. 727560) (to J.M.G.G.) and H2020-SC1-BHC-2018-2020 (No. 825750) (to J.M.G.G.); M.A.T was supported by DPI2016-80054-R (Programa Estatal de Promocion del Talento y su Empleabilidad en I + D + i). The data acquisition and curation of the Oslo University Hospital was supported by: the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 (Grant Agreement No. 758657), the South-Eastern Norway Regional Health Authority Grants 2017073 and 2013069, and the Research Council of Norway Grants 261984 (to K.E.E.). We gratefully acknowledge the support of NVIDIA Corporation with the donation of the Titan V GPU used for this research. 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