Concrete sewer pipe corrosion induced by sulphuric acid environment

Corrosion of concrete sewer pipes induced by sulphuric acid attack is a recognised problem worldwide, which is not only an attribute of countries with hot climate conditions as thought before. The significance of this problem is by far only realised when the pipe collapses causing surface flooding and other severe consequences. To change the existing post-reactive attitude of managing companies, easy to use and robust models are required to be developed which currently lack reliable data to be correctly calibrated. This paper focuses on laboratory experiments of establishing concrete pipe corrosion rate by submerging samples in to 0.5 pH sulphuric acid solution for 56 days under 10ºC, 20ºC and 30ºC temperature regimes. The result showed that at very early stage of the corrosion process the samples gained overall mass, at 30ºC the corrosion progressed quicker than for other temperature regimes, however with time the corrosion level for 10ºC and 20ºC regimes tended towards those at 30ºC. Overall, at these conditions the corrosion rates of 10 mm/year, 13,5 mm/year and 17 mm/year were observed

Additional file 1: Table S1. of Estimating prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the Southern Cone of Latin America: how different spirometric criteria may affect disease burden and health policies

Percentage of non-respondents or excluded participants by location, sex, age, education and smoking status. (DOCX 15 kb

Additional file 3: Figure S2. of Estimating prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the Southern Cone of Latin America: how different spirometric criteria may affect disease burden and health policies

Ratio of forced expiratory volume in the first second to forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC) versus age in adult women. (DOCX 213 kb

Bellot. Renaissance. Cocard et Bicoquet : [photographie, tirage de démonstration] / [Atelier Nadar]

Age-standardized Prevalence (95% Confidence Intervals) of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in Current Smokers according to intensity and duration exposure. (DOCX 14 kb

Prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of diabetes and impaired fasting glucose in the Southern Cone of Latin America

<div><p>Aims</p><p>To determine the prevalence, treatment and control of diabetes mellitus (DM) and impaired fasting glucose (IFG) as well as associated factors in the adult population of four cities of the Southern Cone of Latin America (SCLA).</p><p>Methods</p><p>This is a cross-sectional population-based study that included 7407 adults between 35 and 74 years old in four cities of the SCLA: Temuco (Chile), Marcos Paz and Bariloche (Argentina), and Pando-Barros Blancos (Uruguay). DM was defined as fasting plasma glucose ≥126 mg/dL or self-reported history of diabetes. Awareness, treatment, and control of DM were defined as subjects self-reporting a DM previous diagnosis, the use of a prescription medication or nonpharmacological intervention for DM, and fasting plasma glucose <126 mg/dl, respectively.</p><p>Results</p><p>Prevalence of DM varied among cities, between 8.4% in Bariloche and 14.3% in Temuco. Prevalence of IFG varied at different sites, from 3.5% in Barros Blancos to 6.8% in Marcos Paz. Of the total number of people with diabetes, 20% were newly diagnosed at the time of the study. Overall, 79.8% of patients with diabetes were aware of their condition. The treatment and control rate were 58.8% and 46.2%, respectively. Older age, family history of diabetes, lower educational attainment, overweight, obesity, central obesity, low physical activity, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia were all significantly associated with an increased risk of diabetes.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>The prevalence of DM and IFG in the adult population of the SCLA is high and varies among cities. These conditions represent a public health challenge since the rates of awareness, treatment, and control are still low.</p></div

Multivariate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for the association of risk factors with Obesity and Central Obesity among adults aged 35–74 years in the Southern Cone of Latin America.

<p>Multivariate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for the association of risk factors with Obesity and Central Obesity among adults aged 35–74 years in the Southern Cone of Latin America.</p

Awareness, treatment and control of diabetes among adults aged 35–74 years in the Southern Cone of Latin America.

<p>Awareness, treatment and control of diabetes among adults aged 35–74 years in the Southern Cone of Latin America.</p

Cardio-metabolic risk factors in subjects with diabetes among adults aged 35–74 years in the Southern Cone of Latin America.

<p>Vertical lines indicate 95% confidence intervals.</p

Estimated prevalence of risk factors by BMI and Central Obesity among adults aged 35–74 years in the Southern Cone of Latin America.

<p>Estimated prevalence of risk factors by BMI and Central Obesity among adults aged 35–74 years in the Southern Cone of Latin America.</p

Estimated prevalence of impaired fasting glucose and diabetes among adults aged 35–74 years in the Southern Cone of Latin America.

<p>Estimated prevalence of impaired fasting glucose and diabetes among adults aged 35–74 years in the Southern Cone of Latin America.</p