51 research outputs found

    MK-886 induced anxiogenic-like behavior in 12-month-old Swiss mice in the EPM test.

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    <p>After treatment with MK-886 (10 mg/kg, i.p.) aged mice displayed a tendency toward reduced (A) open arm time and a significant decrease in the number of (B) entries in open arms, while no changes were observed in (C) entries in closed arms (n = 4). (D) Twelve-month-old mice also show reduced lipoxin A<sub>4</sub> levels in plasma compared to 3-month-old mice (n = 12−15). Data are presented as mean ± SEM, statistical analysis was carried out by two-tailed Student’s t test. *p<0.05 vs vehicle. mo: months.</p

    Age-Dependent Relevance of Endogenous 5-Lipoxygenase Derivatives in Anxiety-Like Behavior in Mice

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    <div><p>When 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) is inhibited, roughly half of the CNS effect of the prototypic endocannabinoid anandamide (AEA) is lost. Therefore, we decided to investigate whether inhibiting this enzyme would influence physiological functions classically described as being under control of the endocannabinoid system. Although 5-LO inhibition by MK-886 reduced lipoxin A<sub>4</sub> levels in the brain, no effect was found in the elevated plus maze (EPM), even at the highest possible doses, via i.p. (10 mg/kg,) or i.c.v. (500 pmol/2 µl) routes. Accordingly, no alterations in anxiety-like behavior in the EPM test were observed in 5-LO KO mice. Interestingly, aged mice, which show reduced circulating lipoxin A<sub>4</sub> levels, were sensitive to MK-886, displaying an anxiogenic-like state in response to treatment. Moreover, exogenous lipoxin A<sub>4</sub> induced an anxiolytic-like profile in the EPM test. Our findings are in line with other reports showing no difference between FLAP KO or 5-LO KO and their control strains in adult mice, but increased anxiety-like behavior in aged mice. We also show for the first time that lipoxin A<sub>4</sub> affects mouse behavior. In conclusion, we propose an age-dependent relevancy of endogenous 5-LO derivatives in the modulation of anxiety-like behavior, in addition to a potential for exogenous lipoxin A<sub>4</sub> in producing an anxiolytic-like state.</p></div

    5-LO knockout mice exhibit unaltered anxiety-like behavior in the EPM test.

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    <p>No difference was observed between control and 5-LO knockout mice as to (A) open arm time, (B) open arm entries or (C) closed arm entries (n = 8−12). (D) 5-LO knockout mice show significantly reduced lipoxin A<sub>4</sub> in plasma (n = 8−10). Data are expressed as mean ± SEM and statistical analysis was performed by two-tailed or one-tailed Student’s t test, respectively. KO: knockout, 5-LO: 5-lipoxygenase enzyme.</p

    Anxiolytic-like effect of exogenous Lipoxin A<sub>4</sub> in the EPM test.

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    <p>After a single dose of Lipoxin A<sub>4</sub> (10 ug/kg, i.p.), adult Swiss mice showed a significant increase in (A) open arm time. No difference was observed in (B) entries in open arms, (C) time in closed arms or (D) entries in closed arms. Data are presented as mean ± SEM (n = 9). Statistical Analysis was performed by ANOVA followed by Newman-Keuls post hoc test. *p<0.05 vs vehicle.</p

    Direct soft photon production in <tex>K^{+}p</tex>and<tex>Ï€+p</tex> and <tex>\pi^{+}p</tex> interactions at 250 GeV/c

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    <p></p><p>ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the relationships of brain iron and heme with the inflammatory response of the systemic and central nervous systems and to investigate the role of defensive systems against the toxicity of iron and heme in the central nervous system. Methods: We assessed a prospective cohort of patients presenting with intracerebral and subarachnoid hemorrhage. We assayed plasma and cerebrospinal fluid samples for the presence of iron, heme, hemopexin, haptoglobin, enolase, S100-β and cytokines for the first three days following hemorrhagic stroke. We also analyzed the dynamic changes in these components within both fluids and their relationship with early mortality rates. Results: Hemopexin and haptoglobin concentrations were nearly negligible in the brain after intracerebral and subarachnoid hemorrhage. Cerebrospinal fluid iron and heme concentrations correlated with a pro-inflammatory response in the central nervous system, and plasmatic and cerebrospinal fluid inflammatory profiles on the third day after hemorrhagic stroke were related to early mortality rates. Interleukin 4 levels within the cerebrospinal fluid during the first 24 hours after hemorrhagic stroke were found to be higher in survivors than in non-survivors. Conclusion: Iron and heme are associated with a pro-inflammatory response in the central nervous system following hemorrhagic stroke, and protections against hemoglobin and heme are lacking within the human brain. Patient inflammatory profiles were associated with a poorer prognosis, and local anti-inflammatory responses appeared to have a protective role.</p><p></p

    Treatment with rPAF-AH decreases CFU numbers in the peritoneal fluid after CLP model.

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    <p>(A) Mice subjected to CLP were treated with rPAF-AH (1 mg/kg-i.p. 15 minutes after). At 6 h after CLP, the mice were euthanized, and the peritoneal fluid was collected and plated on agar plates. (B) At 24 h after CLP, mice were euthanized, and the peritoneal fluid was collected and plated on agar plates. After infection, mice were euthanized 6 (CLP+Vehicle n = 11 animals; CLP+PAF-AH n = 10) and 24 (CLP+Vehicle n = 6 animals; CLP+PAF-AH n = 6) hours after infection, and the peritoneal fluid was collected. Twelve microliters of the peritoneal fluid from each mouse were serially diluted and plated on agar plates. The data represent three different experiments, and the horizontal line represents the median of CFU count. (*) indicate significant difference (P = 0.05) when compared to vehicle treatment.</p

    Treatment with rPAF-AH decreases CFU numbers in the peritoneal fluid after <i>S.</i> Typhimurium <i>or E. coli</i> administration.

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    <p>(A) Mice injected with <i>S.</i> Typhimurium <i>(5×10<sup>5</sup>)</i> were treated with rPAF-AH (1 mg/kg-i.p. 15 minutes after - <i>S.</i> Typhimurium+Vehicle n = 5 animals; <i>S.</i> Typhimurium+PAF-AH n = 6). (B) Mice injected with <i>E. coli (10<sup>6</sup>)</i> were treated with rPAF-AH (1 mg/kg-i.p. 15 minutes after- <i>E. coli</i>+Vehicle n = 5 animals; <i>E. coli</i> +PAF-AH n = 4). Six hours after infection, the mice were euthanized, and the peritoneal fluid was collected. Twelve microliters of the peritoneal fluid from each mouse were serially diluted and plated on agar plates. The data represent three different experiments, and the horizontal line represents the median of CFU count. (*) indicate significant difference (P = 0.05) when compared to vehicle treatment.</p

    rPAF-AH and MCP-1/CCL2 increase NO production by peritoneal macrophages stimulated with <i>E. coli</i>.

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    <p>Peritoneal macrophages (10<sup>6</sup> cells/well) were incubated with rMCP-1 (100 ng/ml), PAF-AH (0,025 mg/well) or rMCP-1+PAF-AH and stimulated with <i>E. coli</i> (10<sup>5</sup> bact./well). After 1 hour of <i>E. coli</i> stimulation, the supernatant was obtained and used for nitrite determination by the Griess assay. The values are the mean±SEM from 4 wells. The data represent two different experiments. (*) Statistically significant differences when compared with <i>E. coli</i> group (P = 0.030).</p

    CFU numbers are not affected by rPAF-AH treatment in MCP-1/CCR2-deficient mice (CCR2−/−) or iNOS-deficient mice (iNOS−/−) subjected to CLP. Mice were treated with rPAF-AH (1 mg/kg-i.p.

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    <p>- minimum of 7 animals in each group) 15 min after CLP. At 6 h, the mice were euthanized, and the peritoneal fluid was plated on agar plates. The data represent three different experiments, and the horizontal line represents the median of CFU count. (*) Statistically significant differences when compared with C57BL-6 group. (+) Statistically significant differences when compared with C57BL-6+PAF-AH group.</p

    Platelets sequester circulating histone H2A in plasma from dengue-infected patients.

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    <p>(<b>A-B</b>) Western blot analysis for histone H2A and β-actin in (<b>A</b>) freshly isolated platelets from three healthy volunteers (Control) and three patients with dengue; and in (<b>B</b>) platelets from three healthy volunteers that were kept unstimulated (Unst) or stimulated with thrombin (Thr), DENV or Mock for 6h. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were used as positive control for histone H2A expression. (<b>C</b>) Histone H2A concentration in plasma from control subjects or patients with mild dengue or dengue with warning signs and severe dengue (WS+Sev). Boxes indicate the median and interquartile ranges and whiskers indicate minimal and maximal values in each group. (<b>D-E</b>) Platelets were isolated from a healthy volunteer and incubated with 20% plasma from five dengue-infected patients (dengue plasma) or five healthy volunteers (control plasma) for 4 hours in the presence or absence of cyclohexamide (CHX), cytochalasin B (CTB) or DMSO (vehicle). (<b>F</b>) Histone H2A concentration in plasma from control subjects or patients with dengue, zika or chikungunya fever. Each dot represents the level of histone H2A in plasma from one patient or control. Lines represent median and interquartile range. (<b>G</b>) Western blot analysis for histone H2A and β-actin in platelets incubated with 20% plasma from three control subjects or three patients with dengue, zika or chikungunya. * means p<0.05 compared to control, zika or chikungunya; # indicates p<0.05 between patients with mild and WS+Sev dengue syndromes. Western blots (<b>D, E</b> and <b>G</b>) are representative of three independent experiments from individual platelet donors.</p
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