Evaluating Goals And Impacts Of Two Metro Alternatives By The Ahp

The transport planning and its decision making involve a large number of goals and more than one alternative to be evaluated. This analysis comprises technical and financial features up to social and environmental impacts. We show how the AHP is a useful tool in this procedure, and evaluate several objectives and impacts of the implantation of the third metro line in the city of Sao Paulo, Brazil, where there were two alternative outlines and one of them to be selected.3012335Cohen, H.S., Stowers, J.R., (1978) Evaluating Urban Transportation System Alternatives, , Washington, System Design ConceptLassiere, A., (1976) The Environmental Evaluation of Transports Plans, , USA, Grow CopyrightLindau, L.A., Comparative Impact Study of Different Transportation Technology (1991) Revista Dos Transportes Públicos, 48, pp. 51-62Metro, R.J., (1989) "Technical-Economical-Financial Viability Study - Expansion Project of Rio de Janeiro's Metro", (in Portugese), , Rio de Janeiro, MetroMetro, S.P., (1980) "Technical-Economical-Financial Viability Study of the Third Metro Line of Sáb Paulo", (in Portuguese), , Sao Paulo, Metro e EMTUMetro, S.P., (1991) "Ambiental Impact Study", Lin Vila Madalena-Vila Prudente, (in Portuguese), , Sáo Paulo, MetroMouette, D., (1993) "The Utilization of the Analytic Hierarchy Process in Urban Transportation Planning and the Decision Making Process: An Analysis Turned to Ambiental Impacts", (in Portuguese), , M.Sc. Thesis, Sáo Paulo, Campinas, UNICAMPSaaty, T.L., A Scaling Method for Priorities in Hierarchical Structures (1977) Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 15, pp. 234-281Saaty, T.L., (1990) The Analytic Hierarchy Process, , Pittsburgh, USA, RWS PublicationsSaaty, T.L., How to Make a Decision: The Analytic Hierarchy Process (1990) European Journal of Operational Research, 48, pp. 9-26Saaty, T.L., (1990) The Analytic Hierarchy Process for Decisions in a Complex World, , USA, Pittsburgh: University of PittsburghVarma, A., "Environmental Considerations of Land Transport in Developing Countries", Part 1 (1992) Transport Reviews, 12 (2), pp. 101-11

A Fuzzy Cauchy Problem Modelling The Decay Of The Biochemical Oxygen Demand In Water

A very important physical-chemical parameter of water is the concentration of dissolved oxygen necessary for all living aquatic organisms. In this work, we have proposed a fuzzy model to describe the decay of the dissolved oxygen concentration in water using fuzzy differential equations, the classic analytic solution of which is well known. We use the Euler and Runge-Kutta 4th order methods to obtain an approximate solution of an initial value problem of a fuzzy linear ordinary differential equation modelling decay. We compare numerical results with the fuzzy analytic solution presented by Barros et al [1] for the similar fuzzy differential equation.1512516Barros, L.C., Bassanezi, R.C., Tonelli, P.A., Fuzzy modelling in population dynamics (2000) Ecological Modelling, 128, pp. 27-33. , AprPingry, D.E., Whinston, A.B., A regional planning model for water quality control (1973) Models for Environmental Pollution Control, pp. 61-90. , Rolf A. Deininger (ed.), Ann Arbor Sci.Pub.Inc., Ann Arbor, MI, USAKaleva, O., Fuzzy differential equations (1987) Fuzzy Sets and Systems, 24, pp. 301-317. , DecSeikkala, S., On the fuzzy initial value problem (1987) Fuzzy Sets and Systems, 24, pp. 319-330. , DecBarros, L.C., Bassanezi, R.C., Tonelli, P.A., Remarks on deterministic orbits in fuzzy dynamical systems Proc. 7th IFSA World Congress, Prague, Czech. Republic, Jun 1997, pp. 22-26Kaleva, O., The cauchy problem for fuzzy differential equations (1990) Fuzzy Sets and Systems, 35, pp. 389-396. , MayMa, M., Friedman, M., Kandel, A., Numerical solutions of fuzzy differential equations (1999) Fuzzy Sets and Systems, 105, pp. 133-138. , Jul

Efeito anti-helmíntico dos extratos aquosos e etanólicos da Annona squamosa L. (fruta-do-conde) sobre o nematóide Ascaridia galli Anthelmintic effect of aqueous and ethanolic extracts from Annona squamosa L. (sweetsop) on the nematode Ascaridia galli

As plantas são fontes importantes de produtos naturais biologicamente ativos. Dentre as plantas usadas na medicina popular a Anonna squamosa conhecida como fruta-do-conde é citada como tendo várias ações medicinais, dentre elas a atividade inseticida e anti-helmíntica. Dentro desta perspectiva, objetivou-se determinar a atividade anti-helmíntica dos extratos aquosos (EA) e etanólicos (EE) das folhas da fruta-do-conde sobre o nematóide de aves Ascaridia galli, in vitro e in vivo. No primeiro, os nematóides foram colocados em placa de Petri contendo diferentes concentrações dos extratos e no segundo foram utilizadas seis galinhas poedeiras por grupo, as quais foram administrados10 mL Kg-1 dos extratos. No teste in vitro o EA da A. squamosa nas concentrações 2,4 e 9,6 mg mL-1 foi capaz de matar 63,33% e 53,33% dos nematóides, respectivamente. O EE não produziu efeito significativo. No teste in vivo, o percentual de eliminação do EA foi de 39% e do EE de 20%. Estes dados sugerem que neste caso a substância responsável pela mortalidade dos parasitos esteja em maior concentração na fração aquosa. Desta maneira, acredita-se que o EA de A. squamosa apresenta uma atividade anti-helmíntica potencial sobre o A. galli.<br>Plants are important sources of biologically active natural products. Among the plants used in popular medicine, Annona squamosa, known as sweetsop, is reported to have several medicinal actions such as insecticidal and anthelmintic activity. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the anthelmintic activity of aqueous (AE) and ethanolic (EE) extracts from sweetsop leaves on the chicken roundworm Ascaridia galli, both in vitro and in vivo. In the former, nematodes were placed on a Petri plate containing different concentrations of the extracts; in the in vivo test, six egg-laying chickens per group received 10 mL Kg-1 of the extracts. In vitro results indicated that A. squamosa AE at the concentrations 2.4 and 9.6 mg mL-1 could kill 63.33% and 53.33% nematodes, respectively. However, EE did not have any significant effect. According to the in vivo test, the elimination percentage for AE was 39% and for EE, 20%. These data suggest that the substance responsible for parasite mortality was present at a higher concentration in the aqueous fraction. Thus, A. squamosa AE is believed to have a potential anthelmintic activity on A. galli

Influence of human t-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) Infection on laboratory parameters of patients with chronic hepatitis C virus Influência da infecção pelo vírus linfotrópico humano tipo 1 (HTLV-1) em parâmetros laboratoriais de pacientes com hepatite C crônica

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) share routes of transmission and some individuals have dual infection. Although some studies point to a worse prognosis of hepatitis C virus in patients co-infected with HTLV-1, the interaction between these two infections is poorly understood. This study evaluated the influence of HTLV-1 infection on laboratory parameters in chronic HCV patients. Twelve HTLV-1/HCV-coinfected patients were compared to 23 patients infected only with HCV, in regard to demographic data, risk factors for viral acquisition, HCV genotype, presence of cirrhosis, T CD4+ and CD8+ cell counts and liver function tests. There was no difference in regard to age, gender, alcohol consumption, smoking habits, HCV genotype or presence of cirrhosis between the groups. Intravenous drug use was the most common risk factor among individuals co-infected with HTLV-1. These patients showed higher TCD8+ counts (p = 0.0159) and significantly lower median values of AST and ALT (p = 0.0437 and 0.0159, respectively). In conclusion, we have shown that HCV/HTLV-1 co-infected patients differs in laboratorial parameters involving both liver and immunological patterns. The meaning of these interactions in the natural history of these infections is a matter that deserves further studies.<br>O vírus da hepatite C (VHC) e vírus linfotrópico humano tipo 1 (HTLV-1) compartilham formas de transmissão e algumas pessoas apresentam coinfecção. Embora alguns estudos apontem para um pior prognóstico da infecção pelo VHC em pacientes coinfectados com HTLV-1, a interação entre estas infecções é mal compreendida. Este estudo avaliou a influência da infecção pelo HTLV-1 em parâmetros laboratoriais de pacientes com VHC. 12 coinfectados VHC/HTLV-1 foram comparados com 23 pacientes monoinfectados com VHC, no que diz respeito aos dados demográficos, fatores de risco para aquisição viral, genótipo do VHC, presença de cirrose, contagens de linfócitos T CD4+ e CD8+ e testes de função hepática. Não houve diferença em relação à idade, sexo, consumo de álcool, tabagismo, genótipo do VHC ou presença de cirrose entre os grupos. O uso de drogas injetáveis foi o fator de risco mais comum entre coinfectados. Esses pacientes apresentaram maiores contagens de linfócitos T CD8+ e valores medianos de AST e ALT significativamente mais baixos (p = 0,0437 e 0,0159, respectivamente). Em conclusão, demonstrou-se que os pacientes com VHC/HTLV-1 diferem quanto aos parâmetros hepáticos e imunológicos. O significado destas diferenças na história natural destas infecções é um assunto que merece estudos mais aprofundados

Nematóides do Brasil. Parte III: nematóides de répteis Brazilian nematodes. Part III: nematodes of reptiles

<abstract language="eng">A survey of nematode species parasizing Brazilian reptiles is presented, with data enough to provide their specific identification. The first section refers to the catalogation of the species, related to 127 superfamilies, 23 families, 55 genera and 121 species that are figured and included in measurement tables. The second section is concerned to the catalogue of host reptiles, with 16 families, and 90 species and their respective parasite nematodes. The identification of these helminths is achieved by means of keys to the superfamilies, families and genera. Specific determination is induced through the figures and tables as above mentioned