Phylogeographical analysis of two Aglaoctenus species (Araneae, Lycosidae)

Orientador: Vera Nisaka SolferiniTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de BiologiaResumo: Por sua grande biodiversidade e complexa história geológica, a América do Sul oferece diversas questões a serem abordadas com o uso de filogeografia. O objetivo deste estudo foi testar hipóteses sobre a diversificação biológica na região neotropical, contribuindo para compreender as consequências do estabelecimento de uma área de vegetação aberta na região central do continente que separa suas duas grandes florestas úmidas, a Amazônia e a Atlântica. Para obter diferentes perspectivas acerca desse cenário, estudamos os padrões filogeográficos de duas espécies de aranhas do gênero Aglaoctenus (Araneae, Lycosidae): A. lagotis, distribuída em uma variedade de fitofisionomias, e A. castaneus, de distribuição restrita aos biomas florestais, limitadas à região Neotropical da América do Sul. Para ambas realizamos estimativas de diversidade e estrutura genéticas, redes de haplótipos, inferências filogenéticas bayesianas e análises demográficas. Os resultados obtidos estão apresentados em dois manuscritos, correspondentes aos capítulos desta tese. No primeiro capítulo, intitulado "Insights on the Neotropical history provided by a multilocus phylogeographic study of the web spider Aglaoctenus lagotis (Araneae, Lycosidae)", analisamos 26 populações distribuídas desde a porção leste da Amazônia até o sul da Floresta Atlântica e combinamos o uso de três marcadores nucleares (ITS2, H3 e TIF5A) e um mitocondrial (COI). A diversificação dessa espécie teve início no Plioceno, mas a maior parte da estrutura genética originou-se no Pleistoceno, o que sugere que as oscilações climáticas desse período sejam importantes para este padrão. Os resultados também sugerem eventos distintos entre as porções tropical e subtropical da Floresta Atlântica. No Capítulo 2, "Padrão filogeográfico de Aglaoctenus castaneus (Araneae, Lycosidae) entre as Florestas Atlântica e Amazônica", seis populações foram analisadas usando-se dois marcadores moleculares (COI e ITS2). A grande estruturação entre os dois biomas sugere um papel vicariante para a diagonal seca; no entanto a divergência entre os clados correspondentes às duas florestas é muito posterior ao estabelecimento dessa região savânica, indicando manutenção de fluxo gênico entre populações das florestas até o Quaternário. As linhagens relacionadas a cada bioma também apresentaram estruturação, sugerindo que eventos em escala regional também contribuíram para moldar o atual padrão de diversidade da espécie. Nossos resultados concordam com o consenso geral de que a história dos biomas neotropicais é bastante complexa devido às grandes mudanças orogênicas e climáticas que influenciaram a paisagem da região ao longo do tempo e ressaltam a importância de utilizar diferentes organismos de ampla distribuição para elucidar questões biogeográficas nos NeotrópicosAbstract: The great biodiversity and complex geological history of South America offers a number of issues to be addressed with the use of phylogeography. The aim of this study was to test hypotheses about the biological diversity in the Neotropical region, contributing to understand the consequences of the establishment of an open vegetation area in the central region of the continent separating its two large rainforest, the Amazon and the Atlantic. In order to get distinct perspectives about this scenario we studied phylogeographical patterns of two Aglaoctenus spiders (Araneae, Lycosidae): A. lagotis, distributed in a variety of phytophysiognomies, and A. castaneus, restricted to the wet forests, both limited to the Neotropical region of South America. We estimated genetic diversity and structure, built haplotype networks, made bayesian phylogenetic inferences and demographic analyses. Results were summarized in two manuscripts that correspond to the two chapters in this thesis. In the first chapter, entitled "Insights on the Neotropical history provided by a multilocus phylogeographic study of the web spider Aglaoctenus lagotis (Araneae, Lycosidae)", we analyzed 26 populations distributed from eastern Amazon to southern Atlantic Forest and gathered three nuclear (ITS2, H3 and TIF5A) and one mitochondrial (COI) markers. A. lagotis diversification started on Pliocene, but genetic structure strongly increased on Pleistocene, suggesting that climate oscillations from this period may have contributed to this pattern. Results also suggest distinct colonization events of tropical and subtropical portions of Atlantic Forest. In chapter two, "Phylogeographical patterns of Aglaoctenus castaneus (Araneae, Lycosidae) between Amazon and Atlantic Forest", we used six populations and two molecular markers (COI and ITS2). The high genetic structure between the two biomes suggests a vicariant role for the dry diagonal; however, the estimated divergence between clades correspondent to each rainforest was posterior to the emergence of this savanna region, indicating gene flow maintenance between populations within each forest until Quaternary. Lineages from each biome also presented genetic structure, suggesting that historical events in a regional scale also contributed to shape the current diversity pattern of this species. Our results agree with the general consensus that Neotropical biomes history is complex, mainly due to orogenic and climatic changes that influenced the landscape over time, and highlight the importance of using different organisms with a broader distribution to elucidate biogeographical questions in the NeotropicsDoutoradoGenetica Animal e EvoluçãoDoutora em Genética e Biologia Molecular2011/17244-4FAPES

Structure of genetic diversity of Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) populations in Brazilian crops and locations

Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) represents a complex of cryptic species that causes losses of many valuable crops. Even though there are differences in their ability to colonize hosts, transmit phytovirus and develop resistance to insecticides, the genetic differentiation of the insect populations is important for the adoption of control measures. Therefore, the genetic diversity of B. tabaci populations in economically important crops in Brazilian locations was characterized through a microsatellite analysis. Eight microsatellite markers were used for the analysis of eight populations, three in Solanum tuberosum (States of São Paulo, Minas Gerais and Bahia), two in Glycine max (States of São Paulo and Mato Grosso), one in Phaseolus vulgaris and Brassica oleracea var. acephala (States of São Paulo and Distrito Federal, respectively) and a cabbage population from Florida (USA). The number of alleles varied between two and 13 and the average value of F ST was 0.13. The population occurring in beans was genetically different, suggesting that the excessive use of insecticide or the host itself may have caused the modification of its allele frequency. The American population presented a large diversity and small differentiation compared to the Brazilian populations, especially from the Southeast, supporting the hypothesis that the B biotype was probably introduced into Brazil by the trade of plant material between the USA and the State of São Paulo. The genetic diversity found within and among the populations is geographically structured, and the insects from the central region of Brazil had superior genetic divergence when compared to the others Brazilian locations

PELLETS MADE FROM PLANT STRUCTURES AND ESSENTIAL OIL OBTAINED FROM LEAVES OF Ageratum conyzoides L. AFFECTING THE DEVELOPMENT OF Sitophilus oryzae PELLETS PRODUZIDOS COM ESTRUTURAS DE PLANTAS E ÓLEO ESSENCIAL DE FOLHAS DE Ageratum conyzoides L. AFETANDO O DESENVOLVIMENTO DE Sitophilus oryzae

<!-- @page { margin: 2cm } P { margin-bottom: 0.21cm } --> <p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 120%; text-decoration: none;" lang="pt-BR" align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="pt-BR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of pellets, made from either vegetative and reproductive plant structures powder or essential oil obtained from leaves of billy goat weed, on the development of </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="pt-BR"><em><span style="font-weight: normal;">Sitophilus oryzae </span></em></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="pt-BR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(L., 1763) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), as well as to determine the period in which they could be stored without losing their insecticidal action. Pellets made from powders of different billy goat weed structures (root, leaf, inflorescence, and seeds) were stored for 2, 60, 120, and 180 days, and those made from essential oil were stored for 2 and 60 days. The billy goat weed presents insecticidal activity on </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="pt-BR"><em><span style="font-weight: normal;">S. oryzae</span></em></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="pt-BR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">, depending on the plant structure and concentration in the pellet. Pellets made from leaves and seeds, at the concentration of 0.5%, provided a better </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="pt-BR"><em><span style="font-weight: normal;">S. oryzae </span></em></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="pt-BR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">control, affecting more the emergence of insects than their development cycle. Pellets made from any plant structure, except for root, at 5.0%, can be stored for up to 180 days without losing their insecticidal action, while, at 0.5%, the storage period should be less than 60 days. Pellets made from essential oil of billy goat weed leaves can not be stored under uncontrolled conditions and reduce the </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="pt-BR"><em><span style="font-weight: normal;">S. oryzae</span></em></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="pt-BR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> population, but do not eliminate it, at concentrations of up to 0.5 µg L</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><sup><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="pt-BR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">-1</span></span></span></span></span></sup></span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="pt-BR"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 120%; text-decoration: none;" lang="en-US" align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">KEY-WORDS:<strong> </strong>Insecta; biopesticide plant; weevil; billy goat weed.</span></span></span></p><!-- @page { margin: 2cm } P { margin-bottom: 0.21cm } --> <p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 120%; text-decoration: none;" lang="pt-BR" align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Os objetivos do trabalho foram avaliar o efeito de <em>pellets</em> produzidos com pós de estruturas vegetativa e reprodutiva de plantas e com o óleo essencial obtido de folha de<em> </em>mentrasto, no desenvolvimento de <em>Sitophilus oryzae </em>(L., 1763) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) e determinar o tempo máximo de armazenamento dos <em>pellets.</em> Os <em>pellets </em>produzidos com os pós das estruturas de mentrasto (raiz, folha, inflorescência e semente) foram armazenados por 2, 60, 120 e 180 dias e os com óleo essencial por 2 e 60 dias. O mentrasto apresenta ação inseticida em <em>S. oryzae</em>, dependendo da estrutura da planta e da concentração no <em>pellet. Pellets </em>produzidos com os pós de folha e de sementes, na concentração de 0,5%, controlam <em>S. oryzae</em>,<em> </em>afetando mais a emergência de insetos que sua fase imatura. <em>Pellets</em> na concentração de 5,0%, produzidos com pós de quaisquer das estruturas de mentrasto, exceto raiz, podem ser armazenados até 180 dias. Na concentração de 0,5%, o período de armazenamento deve ser inferior a 60 dias. <em>Pellets</em> produzidos a partir de óleo essencial obtido de folha de mentrasto não podem ser armazenados em condições ambientes e reduzem a população de<em> S. oryzae, </em>mas não a eliminam, quando em concentração de até 0,5 µg L<sup>-1</sup>.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 120%; text-decoration: none;" lang="pt-BR" align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">PALAVRAS-CHAVES: Insecta; planta inseticida; gorgulho; mentrasto.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p&gt