Schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for school-age children - present and lifetime version (K-SADS-PL), DSM-5 update : translation into Brazilian Portuguese

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La renovación de la palabra en el bicentenario de la Argentina : los colores de la mirada lingüística

El libro reúne trabajos en los que se exponen resultados de investigaciones presentadas por investigadores de Argentina, Chile, Brasil, España, Italia y Alemania en el XII Congreso de la Sociedad Argentina de Lingüística (SAL), Bicentenario: la renovación de la palabra, realizado en Mendoza, Argentina, entre el 6 y el 9 de abril de 2010. Las temáticas abordadas en los 167 capítulos muestran las grandes líneas de investigación que se desarrollan fundamentalmente en nuestro país, pero también en los otros países mencionados arriba, y señalan además las áreas que recién se inician, con poca tradición en nuestro país y que deberían fomentarse. Los trabajos aquí publicados se enmarcan dentro de las siguientes disciplinas y/o campos de investigación: Fonología, Sintaxis, Semántica y Pragmática, Lingüística Cognitiva, Análisis del Discurso, Psicolingüística, Adquisición de la Lengua, Sociolingüística y Dialectología, Didáctica de la lengua, Lingüística Aplicada, Lingüística Computacional, Historia de la Lengua y la Lingüística, Lenguas Aborígenes, Filosofía del Lenguaje, Lexicología y Terminología

Refining Oppositional Defiant Disorder diagnosis in children and adolescents: validation and characterization of the irritable dimension

O Transtorno de Oposição e Desafio (TOD) é definido por um padrão recorrente de comportamento desafiante, desobediente e hostil com início na infância e adolescência e caracteriza-se por uma alta taxa de comorbidades. Estudos longitudinais apontam o TOD na infância como um dos principais preditores de psicopatologia na idade adulta. Uma possível explicação para a grande heterogeneidade de comorbidades e trajetórias longitudinais é de que o diagnóstico de TOD abrange distintas dimensões de sintomas, cada qual com seu desfecho. O primeiro objetivo desta tese foi a validação das distintas dimensões do TOD em uma amostra comunitária Brasileira composta de 2512 sujeitos. Através de análise fatorial confirmatória, demonstramos que o modelo que melhor representa a heterogeneidade do TOD é composto por três dimensões: a dimensão \"argumentative/defiant\" que está associada com transtorno de déficit de atenção/hiperatividade (TDAH); a dimensão \"vindictiveness\" que possui associação com transtorno de conduta (TC); e a dimensão \"angry/irritable mood\" onde predominam as associações com transtornos depressivos e de ansiedade. O objetivo seguinte foi investigar o papel da dimensão irritável na classificação nosológica dos transtornos mentais na infância e adolescência. A apresentação da irritabilidade é um aspecto crucial: irritabilidade crônica caracterizada por baixa tolerância à frustração e frequentes explosões de raiva, que é distinta da apresentação episódica, associada ao diagnóstico Transtorno de Humor Bipolar (TB). \"Severe mood dysregulation\", \"disruptive mood dysregulation disorder\", ou dimensão irritável do TOD são formas distintas de classificar o fenótipo de irritabilidade crônica. Entretanto, independente da classificação utilizada, a alta taxa de comorbidades é invariavelmente o denominador comum em estudos sobre irritabilidade. Neste sentido, examinamos o impacto da irritabilidade como uma dimensão subjacente a vários transtornos. Para tanto, avaliamos o impacto da dimensão irritável do TOD através de vários cenários: indivíduos sem diagnóstico, indivíduos com TDAH e sujeitos com transtornos emocionais. Esta 9 investigação foi realizada em duas amostras, uma brasileira constituída por 2.512 sujeitos e uma amostra britânica composta de 7.977 sujeitos. Os resultados demonstram que a irritabilidade está associada ao aumento do prejuízo funcional independente do diagnóstico comórbido concomitante. Seguindo esta linha, investigamos a influência genética na etiologia da irritabilidade. Para tanto, criamos um escore poligênico que incluiu polimorfismos associados à baixa tolerância à frustração, raiva, agressividade reativa e labilidade emocional. O escore poligênico foi altamente preditivo dos níveis de irritabilidade em 350 sujeitos da amostra brasileira. A associação foi específica para irritabilidade e não foi significativa para TDAH, TOD ou medidas contínuas de sintomas. Além disso, a influência genética se manteve mesmo quando fatores ambientais foram incluídos no modelo estatístico. Por fim, quando testada em diferentes ambientes, a influência genética na etiologia da irritabilidade foi mais importante em ambientes de alto risco, sugerindo uma correlação gene-ambiente (rGE). Concluindo, nossos resultados sugerem que a irritabilidade se caracteriza como um traço dimensional subjacente a inúmeros transtornos na infância e adolescência e agregando impacto e prejuízo funcional. Neste sentido, o constructo da irritabilidade se enquadra no conceito do \"Research Domain Criteria\" (RDoC) que propõe o entendimento dos transtornos mentais através de dimensões subjacentes aos diagnósticos clínicosThe Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) is defined as a pattern of disobedient, hostile and defiant behavior beginning in childhood or adolescence and often accompanied by a wide range of comorbidities. Longitudinal studies support ODD as a predictor of psychopathology in adulthood. A potential explanation for such heterogeneity of comorbidities and longitudinal trajectories is that ODD diagnosis encompasses distinct clusters of symptoms, each with its outcome. The first aim of this work was the validation of ODD dimensions in a Brazilian community sample of 2512 subjects. Confirmatory factorial analysis showed that the best model for ODD comprised three dimensions: an \"argumentative/defiant\" dimension, which associates with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); a \"vindictiveness\" dimension, which associates with conduct disorder (CD); and an \"angry/irritable\" dimension where emotional disorders such as depression and anxiety are the most common associations. The next step was the investigation of the role of the irritable dimension of oppositionality in diagnostic classifications of childhood mental disorders. The pattern of irritability is a crucial point: its chronic presentation as easy annoyance and frequent temper outbursts should be differentiated from the episodic course of irritability associated with the specific diagnosis of Bipolar Disorder (BD). \"Severe mood dysregulation\", \"disruptive mood dysregulation disorder\", and the irritable dimension of oppositionality are different ways to classify the chronic irritability phenotype. However, regardless of the classification, the high rate of comorbidities is invariably the common denominator in studies of irritability. Therefore, we examined the impact of irritability as a dimension cutting across multiple settings: individuals without any diagnosis, subjects with ADHD, and also those with emotional disorders. For that we used two samples, one from Brazil, with 2.512 subjects, and one from the UK, with 7.977 individuals. Results showed that irritability associates with increased functional impairment regardless of concurrent comorbid status. We then investigated the genetic influence on the etiology of irritability. A polygenic score was generated encompassing polymorphisms previously associated with anger, emotional lability and reactive aggression. The polygenic score significantly predicted irritability in 350 subjects in the brazilian sample, yet failed to predict ADHD, ODD, CD and continuous measures of symptoms. Moreover, the association between the polygenic score and irritability remained significant even after taking into account environmental factors. Finally, when stratified across diverse levels of environmental risk, genetic influence upon the etiology of irritability appears to be stronger in high-risk environments. Taken together, our results suggest that irritability is characterized as a dimensional trait that underlies multiple disorders, adding functional impairment. Thus, the construct of irritability fits well within the concept of Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) that suggests that mental disorders should be understood through dimensions underlying diagnostic categorie

Irritability in children and adolescents:past concepts, current debates, and future opportunities

Irritability is defined as a low threshold to experience anger in response to frustration. It is one of the most common symptoms in youth and is part of the clinical presentation of several disorders. Irritability can present early in life and is a predictor of long-term psychopathology; yet, the diagnostic status of irritability is a matter of intense debate. In the present article, we address two main components of the debate regarding irritability in youth: the misdiagnosis of chronic irritability as pediatric bipolar disorder, and the proposal of a new diagnosis in the DSM-5, disruptive mood dysregulation disorder, whose defining symptoms are chronic irritability and temper outbursts

Dimensions of Oppositionality in a Brazilian Community Sample:Testing the DSM-5 Proposal and Etiological Links

Objective: Investigating dimensions of oppositional symptoms may help to explain heterogeneity of etiology and outcomes for mental disorders across development and provide further empirical justification for the DSM-5-proposed modifications of oppositional defiant disorder (ODD). However, dimensions of oppositionality have not previously been tested in samples outside Europe or the United States. in this study, we used a large Brazilian community sample to compare the fit of different models for dimensions of oppositional symptoms; to examine the association of psychiatric diagnoses and symptoms with dimensions of oppositionality; and to examine the associations between dimensions of oppositionality and parental history of mental disorders. Method: A Brazilian community sample of 2,512 children 6 through 12 years old were investigated in this study. Confirmatory factorial analyses were performed to compare the fit of alternative models, followed by linear and logistic regression analyses of associations with psychiatric diagnosis and parental history of psychopathology. Results: A three-factor model with irritable, headstrong, and hurtful dimensions fitted best. the irritable dimension showed a strong association with emotional disorders in the child (p < .001) and history of depression (p < .01) and suicidality (p < .05) in the mother. the headstrong dimension was uniquely associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in the child (p < .001) and with maternal history of ADHD symptoms (p < .05). the hurtful dimension was specifically associated with conduct disorder (p < .05). Conclusions: Our findings from a large community sample of Brazilian children support a distinction between dimensions of oppositionality consistent with current DSM-5 recommendations and provide further evidence for etiological distinctions between these dimensions. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry; 201352(4):389-400.Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)NovartisAbbottEli Lilly and Co.Janssen-CilagShireWellcome TrustU.K. Department of HealthUniv São Paulo, BR-05403903 São Paulo, BrazilKings Coll London, Inst Psychiat, London WC2R 2LS, EnglandUniv São Paulo, Res Support Ctr Neurodev & Mental Hlth, BR-05403903 São Paulo, BrazilUniv Fed Rio Grande do Sul, BR-90046900 Porto Alegre, RS, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, BrazilWeb of Scienc

Cost-utility analysis of methylphenidate treatment for children and adolescents with ADHD in Brazil

Objective: To perform a cost-utility analysis on the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with methylphenidate immediate-release (MPH-IR) in children and adolescents from Brazil. Method: A Markov model was constructed to compare MPH-IR vs. no treatment. A 24-week naturalistic study was conducted to collect transition probabilities and utility data. Effectiveness was expressed as quality-adjusted life-years (QALY), and costs reported in 2014 international dollars (I$). The perspective was the Brazilian Unified Health System as payer, and the time horizon was 6 years. Results: Of 171 patients, 73 provided information at baseline, and 56 at week 24. Considering the MPH-IR monthly cost of I$ 38, the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of treatment was I$9,103/QALY for children and I$ 11,883/QALY for adolescents. In two-way sensitivity analysis, considering one Gross National Product per capita (I$11,530) as willingness-to-pay, a cost of no-treatment lower than I$ 45/month would render MPH-IR a cost-saving strategy. Discussion: MPH-IR treatment of children and adolescents is cost-effective for ADHD patients from the Brazilian public health system perspective. Both patients and the healthcare system might benefit from such a strategy