Revisión de libros

Referencias bibliográficas recomendadas: Willis, J.C. A Dictionnary of the F'lowering Plants and Ferns. 8th. ed Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K. (Student Edition, 1985; Reprint, 1988); Mabberley, D.J. 1987. The plant-book. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K. (Reprint with corrections, 1990 ; Hiilldobler B. and E. O. Wilson 1990 The ants belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts

Análisis de la influencia de los indicadores macroeconómicos en el Ibex 35 durante el periodo 2006-2016.

En un mundo cada vez más interconectado, los inversores que quieran acceder a los mercados financieros deben ser conscientes de los numerosos factores que influyen en su evolución. A su vez, la evolución de la economía de un país, que marca el funcionamiento del mismo, no puede considerarse algo ajeno a los mercados, ya que afecta a todos los niveles de la economía y la sociedad. Partiendo del interés que nos suscitan estas dos premisas, el presente trabajo se propone como objetivo principal analizar cómo se han comportado las variables macroeconómicas de la economía española, por un lado, y el Ibex 35 por otro, de manera que podamos analizar si se observa una conexión en su evolución, o lo que es lo mismo, una influencia de los indicadores sobre la evolución del índice bursátil. Para ello afrontaremos el análisis desde dos puntos de vista, a corto y largo plazo, pero siempre comprendidos dentro del periodo de 2006 a 2016, que nos ofrece diferentes tendencias económicas en diferentes subperiodos. Para el análisis a largo plazo estudiaremos la evolución temporal de todas las variables y la correlación entre ellas, mientras que para el estudio a corto plazo llevaremos a cabo un estudio de eventos. De esta manera, determinaremos desde diferentes puntos de vista y mediante diferentes modos de análisis la influencia de la economía real en la economía financiera

Estudio del sector automovilístico en Aragón. Perfil de las empresas de alto crecimiento.

La industria del automóvil tiene gran relevancia en la economía de nuestro país, siendo este sector uno de los motores fundamentales de España en los últimos tiempos. Por ello, a pesar de haber sido notablemente afectado durante los años de la última crisis económica, continúa siendo uno de los pilares sobre los que se mantienen altas expectativas a la hora de alcanzar la recuperación económica. Analizaremos cual ha sido la evolución del sector en Aragón en los últimos años e identificaremos las empresas de alto crecimiento, estudiando su perfil con el fin de analizar las causas de su éxito. Asimismo, veremos cuáles son las perspectivas de la industria aragonesa del automóvil en el entorno exterior. Incluyendo una comparación general con la empresas del sector a nivel nacional

The Escalada Formation: Characterization of a potential chert supply source in the Cantabrian Mountains (NW Spain) during prehistory

[EN] A study of the chert nodules found in the Escalada Formation (Carboniferous, Ponga region, Cantabrian Zone) was carried out as a means to characterise a number of lithic raw materials found in several prehistoric sites of the Cantabrian Mountains (NW Spain). This study comprises fieldwork aimed at locating the outcrops and obtaining samples. Some selected samples from two localities were used for both petrological (macroscopic and microscopic analyses from thin sections) and geochemical (X-ray fluorescence and powder diffraction) analysis. The macroscopic study shows a rather homogeneus coloration and a conchoidal fracture although two extreme types of cherts with a variety of intermediate forms can be differentiated according to the matrix composition. The microscopic analysis shows a high heterogeneity in carbonate versus silica percentage and gentle differences in some other features such as type of silica, origin of carbonates, occurrence of organic matter and type of skeletal components. The results of several geochemical analysis suggest that there are not geochemical features neither in the major elements nor in the traces that allows us to clearly distinguish between the analysed samples. All these studies allow us to define the main features of these chert nodules and to establish several types and varieties among them. Those varieties with high percentage of silica and with a more homogeneous matrix are the most suitable samples for knapping. These results together with the study of the geological and geographical location of archaeological sites suggest that the nodules from the Escalada Formation likely were lithic material supply sources used in knapping activities When aiming to demonstrate the use of these materials at archaeological sites the sole macroscopic analysis of the pieces does not suffice; further analyses, such as those involving thin sections, are necessary. The absence of chert from Escalada Formation in some Mesolithic sites in the area was confirmed via these additional analyses.SIThis study was supported by funds from project AF-87 “Análisis de industrias líticas prehistóricas: materias primas y tecnología” of the Vicerrectorado de Investigación (Universidad de León, Spain)

"Mucientes Chert" in the Northern Iberian Plateau (Spain)

The so-called “Mucientes chert" is a variety that appears in the central area of the Iberian North Plateau, in theDueroBasin. It is widely known in the geological and archaeological literature and its use for knapping was especially important in Prehistory. From a macroscopic point of view it is a nodular chert, with white and very porous cortex, and brown to blackish or beige colour in the inner part.In this work we carried out a more accurate petrographic, mineralogical and chemical characterization of this lithology using SEM, XRD and XRF techniques in samples coming from “Las Canteras” (Mucientes village), a chert outcrop of the “Cuestas” Unit (Vallesian-Aragonian, Miocene Age). Also, we have made a review of its geological occurrence and archaeological distribution areas.  It is intended to sketch the delimitation of the geographical area of occurrence taking into account the geological and archaeological references.

El “Sílex” en la Meseta Norte: sectores central y noroccidental

In this work, a review of the available data on the different types of flint (flint, chert and radiolarites) and of some slates sensu lato utilized for knapping during the Prehistory is carried out in the Northwest quadrant of the Iberian North Plateau, understood as the territory that covers all the hydrographic basin of the river Duero. We have begun with an evaluation of the geological base, by means of field works and analysis of the bibliographical references on these types of rocks and of the geological forma- tions of the ones that can proceed. These have been divided into four source areas: 1) Cantabrian Zone, constituted of sedimentary rocks; 2) “Centroibérica” Zone, formed by metamorphic and igneous rocks; 3) Paleogene and neogene materials that fill the basin of the Duero; and 4) The quaternary river terraces of the Basin of the Duero, whose materials come from the erosion, transportation and sedimentation of diverse rocks from the source area 3 and, in smaller measure, from the source area 1. The fol- lowing section value the data on those raw materials found on archaeological contexts throughout different prehistoric periods. Available studies focus on the following rocks: black chert (laminated and not laminated), radiolarite, “slates”, and the so-called “Mucientes Flint”. Finally, the data obtained in the two previous sections are crossed to outline an image of the management of these lithic resources along the Prehistory, its strategies of exploitation as well as a sketch of its circulation by this region.En este trabajo se realiza una revisión de los datos disponibles sobre los diferentes tipos de sílex (sílex, chert y radiolaritas) y de algunas pizarras sensu lato utilizados para la talla durante la Prehistoria en el cuadrante Noroeste de la Meseta Norte, entendida como el territorio que abarca toda la cuenca hidrográfica del Duero. Se ha comenzado con una evaluación de la base geológica, mediante trabajos de campo y análisis de las referencias bibliográficas sobre estos tipos de rocas y de las formaciones geológicas de las que pueden proceder. Estas últimas han sido divididas en cuatro áreas fuentes: 1) Zona Cantábrica, constituida por rocas sedimentarias; 2) Zona Centroibérica, formada por rocas metamórficas e ígneas; 3) Materiales paleógenos y neógenos que rellenan la cuenca del Duero; y 4) Las terrazas fluviales cuaternarias de la Cuenca del Duero, cuyos materiales proceden de la erosión, transporte y sedimentación de diversas rocas constituyentes del área fuente 3 y, en menor medida, del área fuente 1. En el siguiente apartado se valoran los datos que, sobre esas materias primas, pueden extraerse de los contextos arqueológicos a lo largo de los distintos periodos prehistóricos. Los estudios disponibles se centran en las siguientes rocas: chert negro (laminado y no laminado), radiolarita, “filitas” (pizarra sensu lato) y el denominado “sílex de Mucientes”. Fi- nalmente, se cruzan los datos obtenidos en los dos apartados anteriores para esbozar una imagen de la gestión de estos recursos líticos a lo largo de la Prehistoria que nos permita apuntar sus áreas de aprovisionamiento, sus estrategias de explotación así como un bosquejo de su circulación por esta región

“Mucientes Chert” in the Northern Iberian Plateau (Spain)

[EN] The so-called “Mucientes chert" is a variety that appears in the central area of the Iberian North Plateau, in the Duero Basin. It is widely known in the geological and archaeological literature and its use for knapping was especially important in Prehistory. From a macroscopic point of view it is a nodular chert, with white and very porous cortex, and brown to blackish or beige colour in the inner part. In this work we carried out a more accurate petrographic, mineralogical and chemical characterization of this lithology using SEM, XRD and XRF techniques in samples coming from “Las Canteras” (Mucientes village), a chert outcrop of the “Cuestas” Unit (Vallesian-Aragonian, Miocene Age). Also, we have made a review of its geological occurrence and archaeological distribution areas. It is intended to sketch the delimitation of the geographical area of occurrence taking into account the geological and archaeological references.S

El “sílex” en la Meseta norte: sectores central y noroccidental

p. 27-52En este trabajo se realiza una revisión de los datos disponibles sobre los diferentes tipos de sílex (sílex, chert y radiolaritas) y de algunas pizarras sensu lato utilizados para la talla durante la Prehistoria en el cuadrante Noroeste de la Meseta Norte, entendida como el territorio que abarca toda la cuenca hidrográfica del Duero. Se ha comenzado con una evaluación de la base geológica, mediante trabajos de campo y análisis de las referencias bibliográficas sobre estos tipos de rocas y de las formaciones geológicas de las que pueden proceder. Estas últimas han sido divididas en cuatro áreas fuentes: 1) Zona Cantábrica, constituida por rocas sedimentarias; 2) Zona Centroibérica, formada por rocas metamórficas e ígneas; 3) Materiales paleógenos y neógenos que rellenan la cuenca del Duero; y 4) Las terrazas fluviales cuaternarias de la Cuenca del Duero, cuyos materiales proceden de la erosión, transporte y sedimentación de diversas rocas constituyentes del área fuente 3 y, en menor medida, del área fuente 1. En el siguiente apartado se valoran los datos que, sobre esas materias primas, pueden extraerse de los contextos arqueológicos a lo largo de los distintos periodos prehistóricos. Los estudios disponibles se centran en las siguientes rocas: chert negro (laminado y no laminado), radiolarita, “filitas” (pizarra sensu lato) y el denominado “sílex de Mucientes”. Finalmente, se cruzan los datos obtenidos en los dos apartados anteriores para esbozar una imagen de la gestión de estos recursos líticos a lo largo de la Prehistoria que nos permita apuntar sus áreas de aprovisionamiento, sus estrategias de explotación así como un bosquejo de su circulación por esta región.S

The Escalada Formation: Characterization of a potential chert supply source in the Cantabrian Mountains (NW Spain) during prehistory.

A study of the chert nodules found in the Escalada Formation (Carboniferous, Ponga region, Cantabrian Zone) was carried out as a means to characterise a number of lithic raw materials found in several prehistoric sites of the Cantabrian Mountains (NW Spain). This study comprises fieldwork aimed at locating the outcrops and obtaining samples. Some selected samples from two localities were used for both petrological (macroscopic and microscopic analyses from thin sections) and geochemical (X-ray fluorescence and powder diffraction) analysis. The macroscopic study shows a rather homogeneus coloration and a conchoidal fracture although two extreme types of cherts with a variety of intermediate forms can be differentiated according to the matrix composition. The microscopic analysis shows a high heterogeneity in carbonate versus silica percentage and gentle differences in some other features such as type of silica, origin of carbonates, occurrence of organic matter and type of skeletal components. The results of several geochemical analysis suggest that there are not geochemical features neither in the major elements nor in the traces that allows us to clearly distinguish between the analysed samples. All these studies allow us to define the main features of these chert nodules and to establish several types and varieties among them. Those varieties with high percentage of silica and with a more homogeneous matrix are the most suitable samples for knapping. These results together with the study of the geological and geographical location of archaeological sites suggest that the nodules from the Escalada Formation likely were lithic material supply sources used in knapping activitiesWhen aiming to demonstrate the use of these materials at archaeological sites the sole macroscopic analysis of the pieces does not suffice; further analyses, such as those involving thin sections, are necessary. The absence of chert from Escalada Formation in some Mesolithic sites in the area was confirmed via these additional analyses

LegioLit: Knappable material lithotheque in the Prehistory Laboratory at the University of León, Spain

This work introduces a comparative collection located in the Prehistory Laboratory at the University of León (Spain) specialised in knappable raw materials, mainly comprising radiolarite and black chert (micro-crypto crystalline quartz), from the western Cantabrian Mountains (north of Iberian Peninsula). A standardised protocol of sample collection and data organisation was developed, which includes the use of several methodologies. First, Geographical Information Systems (GIS) for referencing lithic sources. Second, direct observation of the sample for the macroscopic characterization, both de visu and stereomicroscope. Third, petrographic microscopy for a description of main petrological, and palaeontological features, complemented with the identification of the different minerals that make up the samples by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Forth, X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES) and Thermogravimetry – Differential Scanning Calorimetry (TG-DSC) for geochemical and thermal features of the samples. Finally, the results of these analyses were entered in a database. All this information is contributing towards the creation of a physical reference collection specialised in local Palaeozoic formations (mostly from Devonian to Carboniferous) that outcrop in the western Cantabrian Mountains, a region whose potential resource base was previously not very well known. This collection would allow to compare archaeological lithic remains from different sites inside and outside the Cantabrian Mountains