RELATION OF RELIGIOUS BELIEFS WITH ANXIETY AND DEPRESSION IN FAMILIES WITH MENTAL PATIENTS

Introduction: Religious beliefs as an important factor in mental health to be considered. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between religious beliefs and anxiety and depression in family caregivers in families with patients with mental disorders. Method: This study is causal - comparative. The study population consisted of families with mentally ill patients were hospitalized in psychiatric wards. The sample consisted of 152 family. Research Environment was psychiatric wards in hospitals of Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences. Data Collection tools were demographic Characteristics, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale [HADS] and religious beliefs questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were used for to describe data and for determine the relationship between qualitative variables was used of X2, SPSS 22 software was used. Results: 63.8 percent of family caregivers were male and mostly aged between 30 and 50 years.48 percent of family caregivers has symptoms of anxiety and 67.3 percent have symptoms of depression. Significant relationship was observed between anxiety and religious beliefs [P- value = 0.002]. No significant relationship was observed between depression and religious beliefs [P- value = 0.417]. Conclusion: A religious belief is effective factor in the mental health of family caregivers and to help them be better able to take care of the patient. Whatever religious beliefs of family caregivers are stronger, their anxiety are less and the level of their mental health are more. Keywords: Religious beliefs, anxiety, depression, Family caregivers, patients with mental disorder

Physical and mechanical properties of Oak (Quercus Persica) fruits

This research was conducted over one Iranian variety of Oak (Quercus Persica) with 70 observations. Physical and mechanical properties of oak are necessary for equipment used in activities such as transportation, storage, grading, packing etc. Properties which were measured include fruit dimensions, mass, volume, projected area, fruit density, geometric mean diameter, sphericity and surface area. Bulk density, porosity and also packing coefficient were measured. Experiments were carried out at Results showed that average mass and volume were 12.95 g and 10.27 mL, respectively. Dimensions increased from 41.85 to 61.09 mm in length, 14.45 to 25.02 mm in width and 14.42 to 24.38 mm in thickness. The mean projected area perpendicular to length, width and thickness obtained 433.91, 1085.48 and 1115.46 mm2, respectively. The geometric mean diameter and surface area were calculated as 27.638 mm and 2423.82 mm2, respectively, while sphericity was measured 51.78%. Elasticity modulus (E), maximum force which fruit can support (Fmax) and work which performed to this force have been determined

Thermography imaging during static and controlled thermoregulation in complex regional pain syndrome type 1: diagnostic value and involvement of the central sympathetic system

BACKGROUND: Complex Regional Pain Syndrome type 1 (CRPS1) is a clinical diagnosis based on criteria describing symptoms of the disease. The main aim of the present study was to compare the sensitivity and specificity of calculation methods used to assess thermographic images (infrared imaging) obtained during temperature provocation. The secondary objective was to obtain information about the involvement of the sympathetic system in CRPS1. METHODS: We studied 12 patients in whom CRPS1 was diagnosed according to the criteria of Bruehl. High and low whole body cooling and warming induced and reduced sympathetic vasoconstrictor activity. The degree of vasoconstrictor activity in both hands was monitored using a videothermograph. The sensitivity and specificity of the calculation methods used to assess the thermographic images were calculated. RESULTS: The temperature difference between the hands in the CRPS patients increases significantly when the sympathetic system is provoked. At both the maximum and minimum vasoconstriction no significant differences were found in fingertip temperatures between both hands. CONCLUSION: The majority of CRPS1 patients do not show maximal obtainable temperature differences between the involved and contralateral extremity at room temperature (static measurement). During cold and warm temperature challenges this temperature difference increases significantly. As a result a higher sensitivity and specificity could be achieved in the diagnosis of CRPS1. These findings suggest that the sympathetic efferent system is involved in CRPS1

Effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Ferula szowitsiana DC. on paw edema in rat

Background: Due to the side effects of chemical medicines, nowadays the use of drugs of natural origin is concerned. In traditional medicine plants of Ferula family generally regarded as the inhibitor of pain and inflammation. In this study using the sub-plantar formalin injection the anti-inflammatory effect of the hydroalcoholic extract of Ferula szowitsiana DC., as one of the species of this family, is investigated on rat paw edema. Materials and Methods: The hydroalcoholic extract of Ferula szowitsiana DC. was prepared and solved in Saline, Ethanol and Tween 80 (in a ratio of 8:1:1, respectively). Male Wistar rats (200-250 g) were assigned to: Control, Solvent (i.p), Solvent (i.t), Extract (50, 100, 200, 400 mg/kg, i.p), Naloxone (2 mg/kg, i.p), Naloxone-Extract (2 mg/kg, i.p and 400 mg/kg, i.p, respectively) and Extract (8 μg/10 μl, i.t) groups. For inducing inflammation Formalin 2.5 (0.05 ml) and for assessing the volume of edema plethysmometeric methods were used. Results: The extract of Ferula szowitsiana DC. reduced inflammation in a dose dependent manner (P<0.001). The effects of central (i.t.) administration of the equivalent concentration of the effective dose of extract were similar to their systemic administration. Naloxone partially reduced the anti-inflammatory effect of extract (P<0.05). Conclusion: The anti-inflammatory property of Ferula szowitsiana DC. extract is probably induced because of its effect on central nervous system (CNS) and part of this effect is mediated by opioid system

The Effect of Copper Chloride (‎CuCl2) on Pain and Inflammatory Paw Edema in Rats

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: As a crucial micronutrient, copper ion is engaged in various biochemical pathways and affects central nervous system, pain, and inflammation. Considering the significance of pain in physical and mental condition of patients, the present study aims to find new ways to reduce pain by investigating the effect of copper chloride on thermal and chemical pain and inflammatory edema through central and peripheral administrations. METHODS: In this empirical study, 77 male Wister rats (200&ndash;250g) were divided into 11 groups (n=7) including control group (with no treatment), sham 1 (saline, i.p) receiving 5, 10, 20 and 100 mg/kg CuCl2 intraperitoneally (i.p), sham 2 (saline, intrathecal (i.t)) receiving 0.002mg/10&micro;l and 0.02mg/10&micro;l CuCl2 intrathecally (i.t), sham 3 group receiving saline plus naloxone intraperitoneally (i.p) and the group receiving 10 mg/kg CuCl2 plus 2 mg/kg naloxone intraperitoneally (i.p). Thermal and chemical pain and the volume of inflammatory edema were assessed using tail flick, formalin and plethysmometery tests, respectively. Elevated plus maze and rotarod tests were used to examine the side effects of CuCl2. FINDINGS: 10 and 20 mg/kg CuCl2 (i.p) respectively reduced thermal pain (1.69&plusmn;0.38 and 1.55&plusmn;0.53) (p<0.001) and chemical pain (p<0.01) and reduced inflammatory paw edema (70.43&plusmn;20.96 and 70.38&plusmn;29.01) (p<0.01). However, rats receiving 100 mg/kg CuCl2 did not survive. On the other hand, naloxone abolished the analgesic effect of CuCl2 (0.015&plusmn;0.055) (p<0.001). Intrathecal administration of 0.002mg/10&micro;l CuCl2 had no significant effect on pain but 0.02mg/10&micro;l CuCl2 reduced chemical pain (p<0.01). CuCl2 had no effect on balance and anxiety. CONCLUSION: Since administration of naloxone as opioid receptor antagonist abolished the analgesic effect of CuCl2, CuCl2 may induce analgesia by increasing the sensitivity of opioid receptors to endogenous opioids

The effect of intrathecal administration of Genipin on rat paw inflammatory edema in the presence and absence of morphine

Background: Uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) is an intramembranous mitochondrial protein that the knocking down of its gene causes an induction of the pro-inflammatory responses. However, genipin, as a pharmacological inhibitor of UCP2, has anti-inflammatory effects. In this study the effect of genipin on rat paw inflammatory edema induced by formalin in the presence and absence of morphine was investigated. Materials and Methods: In this research, male Wistar rats (200-250g) were assigned to seven groups: Saline(i.p)-Saline(i.t), Saline(i.p)-DMSO(i.t), Saline(i.p)-genipin(i.t), Morphine (10mg/kg,i.p)-DMSO(i.t), Morphine(10mg/kg,i.p)-genipin(i.t), Morphine(1μg/kg,i.p)-DMSO(i.t) and Morphine(1μg/kg,i.p)-genipin(i.t). Inflammation was induced in the rat�s hind paw by the injection of 50 µl of formalin 2.5 and paw volume was measured using plethysmometer method before and after the injection. Results: Results revealed an anti-inflammatory effect for genipin against the formalin-induced paw edema (

Effect of Intraperitoneal Administration of Hydroalcoholic and Hexanic Extract of Heated Female Cannabis Sativa Flowertops on Anxiety Behavior, Motor Coordination and Locomotor Activity in the Male Rats

Introduction: Decarboxylated phytocannabinoids activates CB1 receptors of endocannabinoid system in the central nervous system. Endocannabinoid system interacts with dopaminergic and serotoninergic systems, which seems to be effective on the behavior processes. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of hydroalcoholic and hexanic extract of heated female Cannabis sativa flowertops containing decarboxylated cannabinoids on anxiety, motor coordination and locomotor activity. Methods: In this experimental study, adult male Wistar rats were randomly (200 to 250 g) used in two groups(n=7) of control and sham (administration of the solution vehicle (Tween 80, ethanol and saline with 1:1:8 proportions). IP administration of hydroalcoholic extract (50mg/kg dosage), and hexanic extract (50mg/kg dosage) were applied. The elevated plus maze, open field and rotarod apparatus were used in order to measure the anxiety, locomotor activity and motor coordination in each group, respectively. Moreover, the data analysis was carried out by one-way ANOVA and Neumann-keuls post-hoc test. Results: The study results indicated that IP administration of hexanic extract (50mg/kg dosage) significantly reduced the numbers of entries into the open arms (P<0.05) as well as time of stay in the open arms (P<0.01) in evaluated plus maze. Furthermore, motor activity (P <0.01) and time coordination (P <0.001) were reported to significantly reduce. Conclusion: The study findings revealed thst administration of hexanic extract has probably more decarboxylated cannabinoids than hydroalcoholic extract resulting in a decrease in the motor activity and time of motor coordination, yet an increase in anxiety via activation of CB1 receptors

Effect of hexanic and hydroalcoholic extract of Cannabis sativa flowers on inflammatory paw edema in Rats

Background and Objective: Cyclooxygenase 1 and 2 activities on arachidonic fatty acids of cell membrane produces prostaglandins which involved in inflammatory processes. This study was done to evaluate the effect of hexanic and hydroalcoholic extract of Cannabis sativa flowers on inflammatory paw edema in rats. Methods: In this experimental study, 56 male Wistar rats were allocated into the control, sham, sodium salicylate (300mg/kg/bw) and hydroalcoholic extract of heated flowers in 1, 10 and 50 mg/kg/bw, hydroalcoholic extract of unheated flowers in 50mg/kg/bw and hexanic extract of heated flower in 50mg/kg/bw, intraperitonally. 30 minutes after injection, inflammatory edema volume due to sub plantar injection of formalin (0.05 ml, 2.5%) measeared using plethysmometric method. Results: Intraperitonally injection of 50mg/kg/bw, of hydroalcoholic and hexanic extracts of heated flowers significantly reduced in inflammatory paw edema induced by formalin (P<0.05). Also, 50mg/kg/bw, hydroalcoholic extract of unheated flowers reduced the inflammatory paw edema in comparison with heated extracts (P<0.05). Conclusion: Hydroalcoholic extract of heated flowers decreased inflammation-induced paw edema in dose-dependent manner. The extract of unheated flowers, leads to more reduction of the inflammatory paw edema in comparison to heated flower extract, it can be due to carboxylated cannabinoid present in the hydroalcoholic extract of unheated flowers