This research was conducted over one Iranian variety of Oak (Quercus Persica) with 70 observations. Physical and mechanical properties of oak are necessary for equipment used in activities such as transportation, storage, grading, packing etc. Properties which were measured include fruit dimensions, mass, volume, projected area, fruit density, geometric mean diameter, sphericity and surface area. Bulk density, porosity and also packing coefficient were measured. Experiments were carried out at Results showed that average mass and volume were 12.95 g and 10.27 mL, respectively. Dimensions increased from 41.85 to 61.09 mm in length, 14.45 to 25.02 mm in width and 14.42 to 24.38 mm in thickness. The mean projected area perpendicular to length, width and thickness obtained 433.91, 1085.48 and 1115.46 mm2, respectively. The geometric mean diameter and surface area were calculated as 27.638 mm and 2423.82 mm2, respectively, while sphericity was measured 51.78%. Elasticity modulus (E), maximum force which fruit can support (Fmax) and work which performed to this force have been determined

Behzadi, A.

Fereidoni, M.

Gholami, R.

Jalilian Tabar, Farzad

Lorestani, A. N.

English

Agricultural Engineering International (E-Journal, CIGR - International Commission of Agricultural Engineering)

1   Jaliliantabar, F., Lorestani A.N.,Gholami, R., Behzadi, A. and Fereidoni, M.  Physical and mechanical properties of Oak (Quercus Persica) fruits  Agricultural Engineering International: CIGR Journal.  Vol.13, No.4, 2011. Manuscript No. 1927.   Corresponding author’s email: fjaliliantabar@gmail.com Physical and mechanical properties of Oak (Quercus Persica) fruits  Jalilian Tabar F., Lorestani A.N., Gholami R., Behzadi A., Fereidoni M.  (Agricultural Machinery Department, Razi University of Kermanshah, Iran)   Abstract: This research was conducted over one Iranian variety of Oak (Quercus Persica) with 70 observations. Physical and mechanical properties of oak are necessary for equipment used in activities such as transportation, storage, grading, packing etc. Properties which were measured include fruit dimensions, mass, volume, projected area, fruit density, geometric mean diameter, sphericity and surface area. Bulk density, porosity and also packing coefficient were measured. Experiments were carried out at moisture content of 51.8% (w.b.). Results showed that average mass and volume were 12.95 g and 10.27 mL, respectively. Dimensions increased from 41.85 to 61.09 mm in length, 14.45 to 25.02 mm in width and 14.42 to 24.38 mm in thickness. The mean projected area perpendicular to length, width and thickness obtained 433.91, 1085.48 and 1115.46 mm2, respectively. The geometric mean diameter and surface area were calculated as 27.638 mm and 2423.82 mm2, respectively, while sphericity was measured 51.78%. Elasticity modulus (E), maximum force which fruit can support (Fmax) and work which performed to this force have been determined.  Keywords: physical and mechanical properties, oak, postharvest, Quercus Persica     Citation: Jalilian Tabar F., A.N. Lorestani, R. Gholami, A. Behzadi, and M. Fereidoni.  Physical and mechanical properties of Oak (Quercus Persica) fruits.  Agric Eng Int: CIGR Journal, 2011, 13(4).    1  Introduction  The oak (Quercus persica) is widely distributed throughout the western Iran States and is an important source of wood and fiber. Fruit of this tree (shown in the Figure1) has great characteristics such as medical and nutritional. Oak fruit include starch, protein, oil and tannins. This fruit is useful in treatment of anemia, diarrhea, etc, and the other one application is livestock feeding.  Many studies have been reported on the physical, mechanical and nutritional properties of fruits, such as fresh okra fruit (Owolarafe and Shotonde, 2004), cherry laurel (Calisir and Aydin, 2004), Juniperus drupacae fruit (Akinci et al., 2004), wild plum (Calisir et al., 2005), gumbo fruit (Akar and Aydin 2005), African nutmeg (Burubai et al., 2007) and berries (Khazaei and Mann, 2004). But no detailed study concerning the physical and mechanical properties of oak fruit was found in the literature.     From among the physical specifications of agricultural product: mass, volume and centre of gravity are of high importance in sizing systems. Parameters measurable through sizing systems are: dimensions (length, width, and height), surface area and weight, physical and mechanical properties.   2   Jaliliantabar, F., Lorestani A.N.,Gholami, R., Behzadi, A. and Fereidoni, M.  Physical and mechanical properties of Oak (Quercus Persica) fruits  Agricultural Engineering International: CIGR Journal.  Vol.13, No.4, 2011. Manuscript No. 1927.   Corresponding author’s email: fjaliliantabar@gmail.com 2  Materials and methods  2.1  Sample preparation  70 oak fruits are prepared from area in the Zagros Mountains near Kermanshah. This fruit was kept in 25℃ in the laboratory.     Figure 1  Oak fruit   2.2  Physical properties      The three major dimensions, as, length, width and thickness were measured by a digital caliper (Sharifi et al., 2007).  The mass of each oak was measured on a digital balance with an accuracy of 0.01 g. Fruits volume by water displacement method and using a graduated cylinder has been determined.  Specific gravity of each oak fruit was calculated by the mass of oak fruit in air divided by the mass of displaced water.   To determine water content, fruit was kept in the oven for 24 h at 130 ℃. Water content (w.b.) of fruit was derived from Equation (1) (Lorestani and Tabatabaeefar, 2006).  w.c. = 00MMM −           (1)  Where: M and M0 are last and initial (before placed in the oven) mass of fruit. 3   Jaliliantabar, F., Lorestani A.N.,Gholami, R., Behzadi, A. and Fereidoni, M.  Physical and mechanical properties of Oak (Quercus Persica) fruits  Agricultural Engineering International: CIGR Journal.  Vol.13, No.4, 2011. Manuscript No. 1927.   Corresponding author’s email: fjaliliantabar@gmail.com The three important characteristics that measured are maximum (Pc), mean (Pb) and minimum projected area (Pa) (perpendicular to thickness, width and length respectively). Parameters, such as coefficient of sphericity, mean geometrical diameter and packing coefficient (Mohsenin, 1986) were obtained (Topuz et al., 2004; Sharifi et al., 2007).  Geometric mean diameter (GMD) and sphericity were determined using the following equations (Mohsenin, 1986):  GMD= (abc)1/3            (2)  Where: GMD is geometrical mean diameter (mm), a is the main (longest) diameter (mm), b is the intermediate diameter (mm) and c is the longest diameter perpendicular to a and b (mm) (Topuz et al., 2005).  Sphericity (%) was calculated by following equation:  Sphericity =aGMD   × 100         (3)  The average area projected (known as the criterion area, Ac, mm2) was determined from Equation (4):  Criteria areas (CPA) =3)( cba PPP ++         (4)  Surface area was obtained as:   S = π GMD2              (5)  Where: S is surface area (mm2); GMD is geometrical mean diameter (mm) (Topuz et al., 2005).  Coefficient of packaging was obtained as:  λ = v/v0            (6)  Where: v is volume of fruit present in the carton (mL), vo  is volume of the carton (mL) (Topuz et al., 2005).  The bulk density was determined using the mass volume relationship (Fraser, Verma, & Muir, 1978) by filling an empty plastic container of predetermined volume and weight. The fruits were poured from a constant height, striking off the top level and weighing. The density ratio is the ratio of mass density to bulk density expressed as percentage while porosity (P) was computed (Owolarafe et al., 2004) as:  4   Jaliliantabar, F., Lorestani A.N.,Gholami, R., Behzadi, A. and Fereidoni, M.  Physical and mechanical properties of Oak (Quercus Persica) fruits  Agricultural Engineering International: CIGR Journal.  Vol.13, No.4, 2011. Manuscript No. 1927.   Corresponding author’s email: fjaliliantabar@gmail.com  P =tbtρρρ −  ×100      (7) Where: ρt is true density and ρb is bulk density.    The aspect ratio (Ra) was calculated as recommended by Owolarafe et al. (2004) as:  Ra = ab  × 100%          (8)  2.3 Mechanical properties  Quasi-static compression tests were performed with a zowick/roell Universal Testing Machine equipped with a 500N compression load cell and integrator (Figure 3). The measurement accuracy was 0.001N. Elasticity modulus (E), maximum force which fruit can support (Fmax) and work which performed to this force have been determined. The individual oak fruit was loaded between two parallel plates of the machine and compressed at preset force condition until rupture occurred as is denoted by bio-yield point in the force-deformation curve. The bio-yield point was detected by a break in the force deformation curve. Once the bio-yield was detected, the loading was stopped. The mechanical properties of oak fruit were expressed in terms of rupture, deformation and toughness required for initial rupture. Oak fruit rarely broken at this rang, so, this show that oak fruit are strength.   Spreadsheet software, Microsoft EXCEL 2007, was used to analyze the data.    Figure 2   Zowick/roell universal testing machine   3  Results and discussion  5   Jaliliantabar, F., Lorestani A.N.,Gholami, R., Behzadi, A. and Fereidoni, M.  Physical and mechanical properties of Oak (Quercus Persica) fruits  Agricultural Engineering International: CIGR Journal.  Vol.13, No.4, 2011. Manuscript No. 1927.   Corresponding author’s email: fjaliliantabar@gmail.com A summary of the descriptive statistics of the various physical dimensions is shown in Table1.     Table 1  Measured parameters parameter max min mean SD CV (%) length a (mm) 61.09 41.85 53.51 4.21 7.87 Width  b (mm) 25.02 14.45 20.13 2.80 13.91 thickness c (mm) 24.38 14.42 19.74 2.76 13.99 biggest projected area Pc (mm2) 1540.60 697.71 1115.46 206.80 18.42 mean projected area Pb (mm2) 1498.95 664.62 1085.48 205.42 19.05 smallest projected area Pa (mm2) 677.45 243.88 433.91 119.64 27.57 Mass (g) 22.17 5.30 12.95 4.00 30.91 volume(mL) 17 5 10.27 2.96 28.85  The average major, intermediate and minor diameters for oak fruits were 53.51, 20.13 and 19.74 mm, respectively. The importance of dimensions is in determining the aperture size of machines, particularly in separation of materials, as discussed by Mohsenin (1978).  The GDM, with an average value of 27.63 mm, varied between 14.21 and 33.02 mm. Average sphericity was obtained as 51.78%.  As shown in Table 1, the volume of oak fruit varied from 5 mL to 17 mL, with an average value of 10.27 mL. Similarly, the average surface area was found to be 2423.817 mm2.  Average projected area varied from 433.91 to 1115.46 mm2, with a mean value of 1085.48 mm2.  Elasticity modulus and other mechanical parameters were shown in the Table 3. The rupture force of oak fruit is too high so that the machine in this research was not enough to break that, while the rupture force for barberry was 47.23 N (Fathollahzadeh and Rajabipour, 2008) and pine nut 468 N (Faruk et al,. 2004). This shows that oak fruit could be store in big box and bulk. The average oak elasticity modulus of oak fruit was 0.99 GPa.     Table 2  Calculated parameters parameter max min mean SD CV (%) True density (g/mL) 2.668 0.753 1.27 0.293 22.889 geometric mean diameter GMD (mm) 33.020 21.386 27.63 2.789 10.090 sphericity (%) 65.177 44.236 51.78 5.044 9.741 surface area (mm2) 3425.285 44.236 2423.81 484.475 19.988 6   Jaliliantabar, F., Lorestani A.N.,Gholami, R., Behzadi, A. and Fereidoni, M.  Physical and mechanical properties of Oak (Quercus Persica) fruits  Agricultural Engineering International: CIGR Journal.  Vol.13, No.4, 2011. Manuscript No. 1927.   Corresponding author’s email: fjaliliantabar@gmail.com equivalent diameter (mm) 33.022 21.386 27.64 2.788 10.088 arithmetic diameter (mm) 36.140 25.160 31.12 2.523 8.106 criteria area CPA (mm2) 1225.690 544.720 878.38 172.717 19.663 Aspect ratio (%) 53.04 29.43 37.77 4.96 13.13 Table 3  Mechanical properties CV (%) SD mean min max parameter 42.74 0.42 0.99 0.36 1.50 elasticity modulus (GPa) 33.09 124.07 375.00 138.00 447.00 Fmax (N) 47.97 271.11 565.11 172.25 1102.35 W to Fmax (N mm)   4  Conclusions  1. Some physical properties of oak (Quercus Persica) were determined at a moisture content level of 51.8% (w.b.). 2. The fruit volume, major, intermediate, minor diameters, sphericity and mass were obtained as 10.27 mL, 53.51mm, 20.13mm, 19.74 mm, 51.78% and 12.95 g, respectively. 3. At the same moisture level, bulk density, porosity and true density were also evaluated as 0.5184 g/mL, 59.18 %, 1.27 g/mL, respectively.   References Akar, R., and C. Aydin. 2005. 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Some physical properties of fresh okra fruit. Journal of Food Engineering, 63(3): 299-302.  Sharifi, M., S. Rafiee, A. Keyhani, A. Jafari, H. Mobli, A. Rajabipour, and A. Akram. 2007. Some physical properties of orange (var. Tompson). International Agrophysics, 21: 391-397. Topuz, A., M. Topakci, M. Canakci, I. Akinci, and F. Ozdemir. 2004. Physical and nutritional properties of four orange varieties. Journal of Food Engineering, 66(4): 519-523.   

Physical and mechanical properties of Oak (Quercus Persica) fruits

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Physical and mechanical properties of Oak (Quercus Persica) fruits

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