Nouvelles compositions de revêtements de zircone substituée (Y, La, Sm, Er) élaborés par la voie sol-gel : application aux barrières thermiques multicouches

Ces travaux de thèse ont pour objectif de démontrer les potentialités qu'offre la voie sol-gel pour élaborer des revêtements à base de zircone pour des applications haute température de type barrière thermique. Ce procédé bas coût en phase liquide, associé au procédé de mise en forme par trempage-retrait, a été choisi car il possède l'avantage d'induire une structure à porosité isotrope contrairement aux deux procédés physiques utilisés dans l'industrie (projection plasma et EB-PVD) et de produire aisément des revêtements multicouches d'oxydes d'une grande pureté dont la stœchiométrie peut être contrôlée. Des revêtements de zircone yttriée (YSZ) mis en forme par dip-coating à partir de poudres de zircone dopée 9,7%mol. YO1,5 dispersées dans un sol de même nature puis traitées à 950°C, présentant la phase quadratique métastable t', homogènes, et parfaitement adhérents à des substrats métalliques base nickel de type NiCrAlY ou (Ni,Pt)Al, ont été obtenus. L'optimisation de ces revêtements est due à la réduction granulométrique des particules YSZ, à partir d'un nouveau mode de séchage du gel précurseur de zircone : le séchage supercritique. Les résultats obtenus montrent par ailleurs qu'il est possible d'ajuster la morphologie finale du revêtement en modifiant la température de calcination des poudres YSZ. En vue d'accroître l'isolation thermique des systèmes barrière thermique, tout en maintenant une bonne accommodation des contraintes thermomécaniques, des revêtements épais multicouches composés de poudres de zircone yttriée et de zircone dopée samarium ou erbium (couches surfaciques) élaborés par la voie sol-gel, ont également été élaborés. Enfin des essais préliminaires ont consisté à tester des barrières thermiques YSZ en oxydation cyclique ainsi qu'à l'exposition à de polluants silicateux (oxydes de type CMAS) afin d'évaluer les modes de dégradation.The main objective of this work is to prove the potentialities of the sol-gel process for the elaboration of zirconia based coatings for thermal barrier coating (TBC) applications. Combined with the dip-coating process, the sol-gel route presents the advantage to induce an isotropic porosity contrary to the physical Plasma Spray or EB-PVD physical processes used in the industry, but also multilayered coatings of oxides with a controlled stœchiometry. After the dip-coating process in a starting sol (9.7mol% YO1.5) loaded with a suspension of yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) powder of the same composition, and sintering at 950°C, homogenous YSZ coatings presenting the metastable tetragonal t' phase are obtained on nickel based superalloys substrates (NiCrAlY or (Ni,Pt)Al). The optimization of these coatings is mainly due to the decrease of the YSZ particle granulometry due to the supercritical drying of the zirconia gel. Results show that it is possible to adjust the final morphology of the coating by modifying the calcination temperatures of YSZ powders. In order to improve the thermal insulation of the TBCs, multilayered systems composed of erbia and samaria doped zirconia in the upper layer and a conventional YSZ coating with the required t' phase close to the interface to increase the thermomechanical properties, were elaborated. Finally, preliminary cyclic oxidation tests were performed on YSZ sol-gel coatings but also the degradation by molten CMAS oxides was studied in order to evaluate these two damaging modes

Sol–gel processing and characterization of (RE-Y)-zirconia powders for thermal barrier coatings

The effect of doping on the structural, morphological and thermal properties of ZrO2–XO1.5 (X=Y, La, Sm, Er) solid solutions for thermal barrier (TBC) applications was investigated. Oxide powders of various compositions from 9.7 to 40 mol% XO1.5 (X=Y, La, Sm, Er) were synthesised by the sol–gel route. The structural analysis of the powders was performed using X-ray diffraction analysis coupled with Rietveld refinements and the measurement of their specific surface area with the BET method. For each rare earth dopant, the morphology of the powders varies from monoliths to agglomerates of thinner particles when the doping amount increases. In order to determine the specific heat, the thermal diffusivity at room temperature and the thermal expansion coefficient of some selected compositions, DSC, laser thermal diffusivity and hightemperature dilatometry measurements were performed on samples densified by Spark Plasma Sintering. Working thermal characterisation indicated that zirconia doped with 30 mol% SmO1.5 and ErO1.5 have better insulation properties and a lower thermal expansion coefficient than our reference YSZ ceramic. These various compositions are very promising for the elaboration of multilayer TBCs by the sol–gel process

Morphology and structure of YSZ powders: Comparison between xerogel and aerogel

Yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) fine powders were prepared via sol–gel route in order to shape thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) from these powders. The main objective is to develop new undirectional coatings to allow best thermo-mechanical accommodations compared to conventional processes. To reach this aim, powders have to be able first to be highly dispersed into a sol (non-agglomeration, high specific surface area, etc.) and second to crystallize in the required metastable phase t0. Two routes have been used to dry gels: the conventional way which consists of simple evaporation of the solvent is compared to drying in supercritical conditions. Both YSZ powders after calcination at 950 8C of xerogel (Ex-xero-YSZ powder) and aerogel (Ex-aero-YSZ powder) crystallize in the tetragonal form. N2 adsorption/desorption analysis of the Ex-xero-YSZ powder indicates an Sw of 2.8 m2/g. For the Ex-aero-YSZ powder, the Sw (26 m2/g) is much higher than of Ex-xero-YSZ, leading to a better sintering capability. This high Sw is correlated to the small crystallite size (26 nm) and the alveolar morphology of Ex-aero-YSZ powders compared to Exxero-powder (49 nm). By reducing particles size and increasing the Sw of the powders, supercritical drying appears as a promising way to prepare stable slurries or loaded sols from fine YSZ particles for TBC applications. Indeed, after preparing nanometric powders, they are dispersed into a sol before shaping on superalloys substrates. After thermal treatment at 950 8C for 2 h which corresponds to the working temperature of TBC, the final aim will be to prepare ceramic YSZ coatings

Sol–gel thermal barrier coatings: Optimization of the manufacturing route and durability under cyclic oxidation

A new promising and versatile process based on the sol–gel transformation has been developed to deposit yttria-stabilised thermal barrier coatings. The non-oriented microstructure with randomly structured pore network, resulting from the soft chemical process, is expected to show satisfactory thermo-mechanical behaviour when the TBC is cyclically oxidized. First stage of the research consists of optimizing the processing route to generate homogeneous microstructure and controlled surface roughness. The objective is to reduce, as much as possible, the size and depth of the surface cracks network inherent to the process. Indeed, the durability of the TBC when cyclically oxidized strongly depends on the sharpness of those cracks that concentrate thermo-mechanical stresses and generate detrimental propagation resulting in spallation. Cyclic oxidation tests are performed using a cyclic oxidation rig instrumented with CCD cameras to monitor in a real time basis the mechanism of crack propagation and spallation. The impact of various parameters either directly related to the processing route, e.g. the intimate microstructure of the TBC and the TBC thickness, or to the thermal loading, e.g. the oxidation temperature and the cumulated hot time, on the durability of the TBC is investigate

Service Quality and Internet Banking: Perceptions of Maltese Retail Bank Customers

This paper focuses on customers’ perceptions regarding two key aspects in Maltese retail finance: service quality and internet banking. The importance of these topics is likely to keep on growing in the near future, as clients become more demanding and financially-literate. We use various service quality dimensions, in order to garner bank customers’ opinions as to the factors which seem more important in determining overall satisfaction. We obtain indications that clients lay particular emphasis on reliability and access. We also focus on different aspects which may encourage or inhibit the adoption of internet banking services, and these include cost, security, convenience and having the service recommended by acquaintances

Service Quality and Internet Banking: Perceptions of Maltese Retail Bank Customers

This paper focuses on customers’ perceptions regarding two key aspects in Maltese retail finance: service quality and internet banking. The importance of these topics is likely to keep on growing in the near future, as clients become more demanding and financially-literate. We use various service quality dimensions, in order to garner bank customers’ opinions as to the factors which seem more important in determining overall satisfaction. We obtain indications that clients lay particular emphasis on reliability and access. We also focus on different aspects which may encourage or inhibit the adoption of internet banking services, and these include cost, security, convenience and having the service recommended by acquaintances

Nouvelles compositions de revêtements de zircone subsituée (Y, La, Sm, Er) élaborés par la voie sol-gel (application aux barrières thermiques multicouches)

TOULOUSE3-BU Sciences (315552104) / SudocSudocFranceF

Elaboration of Sol-Gel Coatings from Aerogels and Xerogels of Doped Zirconia for TBC Applications

Thermal Barrier Coatings (TBCs) are used as insulators on hot section components to reduce operating temperatures in aircraft engines and industrial gas turbine. The TBC system consists of two layers: the ceramic top coat traditionally Yttria Stabilized Zirconia (YSZ) with a low conductivity, and the bond coat generally MCrAlY, M=Ni and/or Cr or Co or Pd or Pt modified aluminides. In the industry, two dry-route processes used to deposit TBCs give quite different microstructures of coatings. In one hand, coatings resulted by plasma spraying (PS) present a lamellar microstruture with a low thermal conductivity in the range from 0.7 to 0.9 Wm−1K−1. In the other hand, Electron Beam Physical Vapour Deposition (EBPVD) coatings with columnar microstruture coatings present the best mechanical performances but perpendicular orientation of the columns makes their thermal conductivity twice higher compared to PS coatings. The present study proposes the elaboration of zirconia coatings via the sol-gel route combined with dip-coating process. It is a versatile process able to produce either thin ceramic coatings or thick deposits. The main advantage of this method is to decrease the crystallization temperature, much lower than conventional processes. Moreover, the sol-gel process is a nondirectional deposition technique, which is very different to the physical methods described above. Doped zirconia have been chosen to constitute isolating multilayers coatings. Sol formulation, slurries stability but also dip-coating conditions have been optimized in order to obtain homogeneous layers on nickel based superalloys substrates

Advances in the field of new smart thermal barrier coatings

Issu de : CIMTEC 2010 - 12th International Ceramics Congress Part E, Montecatini Terme, Italy, June 6-18 2010International audienceThis paper deals with the development of a new synthesis technique for functional materials such as Yttria Stabilized Zirconia (YSZ) in the field of thermal barrier coatings. Currently, Thermal Barrier Coatings (TBCs) are manufactured by dry route technologies (EB-PVD or plasma spray) but such methods are directional and often require costly investments and complex operations. For these applications, the sol-gel route, a non directional method, is developed, to process, by suitable chemical modifications, nanocrystalline materials with a controlled morphology. The main advantage of this method is to decrease the crystallization temperature, much lower than the conventional processes, allowing the synthesis of reactive substituted zirconia powders with nanometric particles size. In this study, several suitable architectures for thermal barrier coatings have been achieved in order to show that this process is appropriate for repairing damaged TBC compared to conventional processes. The next step is to investigate spallation mechanisms and overall TBC durability by cyclic oxidation. Preliminary results are promising and research will be develop further to optimize both processing and cyclic oxidation behavior

Advances in the field of new smart thermal barrier coatings

Issu de : CIMTEC 2010 - 12th International Ceramics Congress Part E, Montecatini Terme, Italy, June 6-18 2010International audienceThis paper deals with the development of a new synthesis technique for functional materials such as Yttria Stabilized Zirconia (YSZ) in the field of thermal barrier coatings. Currently, Thermal Barrier Coatings (TBCs) are manufactured by dry route technologies (EB-PVD or plasma spray) but such methods are directional and often require costly investments and complex operations. For these applications, the sol-gel route, a non directional method, is developed, to process, by suitable chemical modifications, nanocrystalline materials with a controlled morphology. The main advantage of this method is to decrease the crystallization temperature, much lower than the conventional processes, allowing the synthesis of reactive substituted zirconia powders with nanometric particles size. In this study, several suitable architectures for thermal barrier coatings have been achieved in order to show that this process is appropriate for repairing damaged TBC compared to conventional processes. The next step is to investigate spallation mechanisms and overall TBC durability by cyclic oxidation. Preliminary results are promising and research will be develop further to optimize both processing and cyclic oxidation behavior