Morphological Study of an Undescribed Additional Head of Quadriceps Femoris: A Cadaveric and Radiological Study

BACKGROUND: The quadriceps femoris (QF) consists of rectus femoris and the three vasti. Recently, an additional muscle head of QF was described. But the description and knowledge regarding the attachments, variability and morphometry of the additional muscle head of the quadriceps femoris is lacking in South Indian population. AIM OF THE STUDY: To confirm the presence of an undescribed additional head of quadriceps femoris by anatomical dissection and radiological techniques OBJECTIVES: Cadaveric Study: 1. To locate the attachments of the additional head of quadriceps femoris muscle. 2. To describe the morphology of the additional head. 3. To study the motor innervation pattern and vascular supply of the additional muscle head. Radiological Study: To study the incidence of the additional head of quadriceps in MRI. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ethical approval was obtained from the institutional review board. Forty one human lower limbs were dissected to sought out the presence of the additional muscle head of QF by retracting the vastus lateralis laterally. Branches of the femoral artery and femoral nerve supplying the additional muscle head were traced. The anatomy of the additional muscle head, if present, was studied with respect to its location, origin, its aponeurosis and neurovascular bundle. Retrospective analysis of 102 MR images of the patients was done. Since fourteen MR images were used for pilot study, the data was analysed for 88 MR images. As the additional muscle head of quadriceps femoris was not reported earlier using MR imaging, high resolution MRI scan was done on 12 cadaveric lower limbs to look for the presence of the additional head of quadriceps femoris and followed by anatomical dissection to confirm its presence or absence. Data was entered in Microsoft excel and statistical analysis was performed using STATA. V.13.1. Descriptive analysis was done to find out mean, median and standard deviation of the variables. Fisher’s exact test was done to find out whether there were any gender differences in the incidence of additional muscle head in cadavers. Pearson Chi-square test was done to find out whether there is any significant difference between the right and left side of the cadaver. RESULTS: The additional muscle head was present in 43.9% of the lower limbs and was constantly located in between the vastus lateralis and the vastus intermedius. It inserted either as a muscle belly or as an aponeurosis into vastus lateralis (22.22%) or vastus intermedius (55.56%) or directly into the base of patella. There was no gender discrimination in the length, breadth and thickness of the additional muscle head. The additional muscle head received its vascular supply from the lateral circumflex femoral artery and was innervated by the femoral nerve. The incidence of the additional head of QF analyzed by MR imaging was 30.68%. The cadaveric MRI showed 100% concordance rate. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated the presence of additional muscle head of quadriceps femoris - 43.9% by cadaveric dissection and 30.68% by radiological techniques

Herpes zoster on the forehead masquerading as an abscess complication to look out for: a case report

Herpes zoster or shingles is caused by the reactivation of latent varicella zoster virus (VZV) infection within the sensory ganglia. Primary VZV infection results in varicella (chickenpox) usually in childhood, characterized by vesicular lesions on the face, trunk, and extremities. Although herpes zoster can occur at any age, it is mainly a disease of adults over age 50 and/or immunocompromised individuals. Complications of herpes zoster include post herpetic neuralgia, herpes zoster ophthalmic us and less commonly acute retinal necrosis, aseptic meningitis, and encephalitis. Here we present the case of a 51-year-old female patient with Herpes Zoster infection involving the dermatome on the forehead, initially misdiagnosed, to alert clinicians to create awareness and minimize misdiagnosis of other patients with similar cases. It is unusual to find patients presenting with infection involving the dermatome of the forehead.

Biological Prognostic Value of miR-155 for Survival Outcome in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinomas: Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis and Trial Sequential Analysis

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide; in fact, it is among the top six neoplasms, with an incidence of about 370,000 new cases per year. The 5-year survival rate, despite chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery for stages 3 and 4 of the disease, is low. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a large group of small single-stranded non-coding endogenous RNAs, approximately 18–25 nucleotides in length, that play a significant role in the post-transcriptional regulation of genes. Recent studies investigated the tissue expression of miR-155 as a prognostic biomarker of survival in HNSCC. The purpose of this systematic review is, therefore, to investigate and summarize the current findings in the literature concerning the potential prognostic expression of tissue miR-155 in patients with HNSCC. The revision was performed according to PRISMA indications: three databases (PubMed, Scopus, and the Cochrane Register) were consulted through the use of keywords relevant to the revision topic. Totally, eight studies were included and meta-analyzed. The main results report for the aggregate HR values of 1.40 for OS, 1.36 for DFS, and 1.09 for DPS. Finally, a trial sequencing analysis was also conducted to test the robustness of the proposed meta-analysis

Drawing firmer conclusions: autistic children show no evidence of a local processing bias in a controlled copying task

Drawing tasks are frequently used to test competing theories of visuospatial skills in autism. Yet, methodological differences between studies have led to inconsistent findings. To distinguish between accounts based on local bias or global deficit, we present a simple task that has previously revealed dissociable local/global impairments in neuropsychological patients. Autistic and typical children copied corner elements, arranged in a square configuration. Grouping cues were manipulated to test whether global properties affected the accuracy of reproduction. All children were similarly affected by these manipulations. There was no group difference in the reproduction of local elements, although global accuracy was negatively related to better local processing for autistic children. These data speak against influential theories of visuospatial differences in autism

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH A Path for Horizing Your Innovative Work SCREENING FOR PHYTOCHEMICAL, ANTIBACTERIAL AND CYTOTOXIC ACTIVITY OF MEDICINAL PLANT OF INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH AND BIO-SCIENCE A Path for H

Abstract: The present study was designed to evaluate the phytochemical, antibacterial activity, cytotoxic activity and GC Methanol extract of this plant showed major phytochemicals and also showed good zone of inhibition for Pseudomonas plant extract showed more cytotoxicity activity for A431 cell line. Nine compounds also RESEARCH ARTICLE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH SCREENING FOR PHYTOCHEMICAL, ANTIBACTERIAL AND CYTOTOXIC ACTIVITY OF MEDICINAL PLANT OF The present study was designed to evaluate the phytochemical, antibacterial Centella asiatica. Methanol extract of this plant showed major phytochemicals and also showed good zone compare to other bacterial strains. The 47.6 µg/ml of plant extract showed more cytotoxicity activity for A431 cell line. Nine compounds also MS analysis of this plant. All the results conclusively validate that , phytochemicals, antibacterial, cytotoxicity, GC-MS