Determination of the coefficients of the green-type material model by non-linear programming

Material planning is an important and developing part of applied mechanics. The problem is usually solved by FEM, which leads to highly non-linear equations causing several numerical problems. This paper presents a method for the determination of the coefficients of a Green-type material model using mathematical programming based on the theorem of virtual force. The material model is included in the compatibility equations. The material parameters appear as unknowns in the non-linear objective function, while the conditions remain linear. The uniqueness and stability of the material model (e.g. Drucker postulates) are assured by inequality conditions. The boundary conditions are considered. Sample problems were run by a program for non-linear mathematical programming problems written in Fortran 77

A procancellariusi tisztség a Báthoryak korában (1571–1602)

The aim of this paper is to present the offi ce of procancellarius of the Transylvanian princely chancellery during the Báthory era on the basis of archival sources. This new offi ce appeared at the end of the year 1575, and fi rst was held by Márton Berzeviczy, previously princely councilor and secretary of the chancellery. Then it was taken over by Ferenc Sulyok, formerly protonotarius, respectively by the cubicularius Miklós Bogáthi. Since this solution was used to coordinate the activity of the chancellery only when the offi ce of chancellor was vacant, the offi ce did not become a permanent one. Usually the duties of procancellarius were similar to those of the chancellor’s. Based on the examined charters and other sources my research revealed that they fulfi lled tasks concerning diplomatic correspondence, countersigning documents, verifi cation of princely mandates, opening letters of report, and supervising the libri regii

Az erdélyi fejedelmi kancellária regisztrumvezetési gyakorlata a 16. században

The aim of the paper is to discuss the practice of charter registration of the Transylvanian princely chancellery during the second half of the 16th century. Since the princely archives and the archives of the chapter of Gyulafehérvár suffered heavy losses at the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries respectively in 1658, therefore only a smaller part of the so-called libri regii registers have survived from this period. The clerks of the chancellery, in charge of enrolling the documents registered into these royal books the de gratia charters in a loose chronological order mostly in full text, seldom in detailed or highly abbreviated abstracts against a certain fee, and the fact of registration was marked on the dorses of charters with the so-called regestrata notes. There is no doubt that the royal registers do not contain all the de gratia charters issued by the chancellery, only those were registered, the beneficiaries of which asked for and paid the right fee for it. Apparently the enrollment of the charters into these registers was made after the documents were sealed, and this led to the mixing up of the chronological order of the copied files. If the beneficiary lost his/her charter, an authentic transcription was issued by the chancellery at the request of the clients based on the entries of the libri regii

Kancelláriai jegyzetek az erdélyi fejedelmi kancellária okleveles gyakorlatában a Báthoriak korában (1571–1602)

Vizsgálódásunk tárgyát a fejedelmi kancellárián a Báthoryak idején használt kancelláriai jegyzetek képezik. Ezek a jegyzetek alapvető fontosságú adatokat tartalmaznak a kancellária működéséről és személyzetéről, de, tekintettel arra, hogy zömük a fejedelem bírói jogkörével kapcsolatos okiratokon tűnik fel, főként a cancellaria minor munkájáról és annak irányítóiról, a protonotariusokról nyújtanak részletesebb felvilágosítást. A vizsgált kancelláriai jegyzetek elsősorban az oklevelek ellenőrzéséről, javításáról és kézbesítéséről, ritkábban azok megírásáért és pecsételéséért fizetendő díjakról, valamint az ügyintézés egyéb, a kiállításhoz közvetlenül nem kapcsolódó mozzanatairól tájékoztatnak. Az egyes jegyzettípusok (lecta, coram, aperta stb.) ismertetése mellett az írásösszehasonlítás módszerével azonosítottuk a Báthoryak protonotariusainak és kancellárjainak kézírását, és megállapítottuk ugyanazok munkakörének a kancelláriai jegyzetek segítségével rekonstruálható elemeit. Ugyanakkor kiegészítettük az említett időszak ítélőmestereinek névjegyzékét, és pontosítottuk azok működési idejét, továbbá felhívtuk a figyelmet a cancellaria maior és minor kevésbé ismert viszonyának néhány újabb vonatkozására

Kancelláriai formuláskönyv a 16. század végéről

The aim of this paper is to present a formulary preserved in the Special Collections of the „Lucian Blaga” Central University Library (Cluj-Napoca). The formulary was compiled by the clerks of the chancery of the Principality of Transylvania in the last decade of the 16th century – consequently we can call it an „offi cial” formulary –, and it was used both in the cancellaria maior and cancellaria minor „branches” of this institution. The manuscript contains almost 400 model documents prepared by the clerks in order to create the most useful possible collection for their own use. In the process of converting the original documents into formulae they removed from the charters the most specifi c details (e.g. names of person, place-names, dates), and preserved only those elements, which were indispensable for the compilation of new charters. In some cases however occurs individual data, on the basis of which the charters used as sources of the formulae can be dated. The formulary give us insights into the day-to-day activity of the chancery, help us to reconstitute the process of turning documents into formulae, as well as formulae into documents

Comparative examination of the tillage systems of maize on meadow chernozem soil

Maize production plays a major role in the agriculture of Hungary. Maize yields were very variable in Hungary in the last few decades. Unpredictable purchase prices, periodical overproduction, the increasing occurrence of weather extremities, the uncertain profit producing ability, the soil degradation processes (physical, chemical and biological degradation) and the high expenses are risk factors for producers. Due soil tillage, there is an opportunity to reduce these risks. Based on the experimental database of the Institute of Land Utilisation, Regional Development and Technology of the University of Debrecen, Centre for Agricultural and the KITE Plc., various cultivation systems were examined with maize (Zea mays L.) as indicator plant in Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok country in 2012 and 2013. The sample area can be found in the outskirts of Kenderes on a meadow chernozem soil. On the examined plot, strip-tillage, subsoiling and moldboard ploughing were performed, each on 4.5 ha, respectively. In general, our findings show, that strip-tillage and subsoiling can be alternative tillage systems beside moldboard ploughing on meadow chernozem soils in Hungary

Interpretation of rurality and the situation of land use in Hungary

The summarizing data collection of our study has been carried out in the scope of the FP7-REGPOT-2010-1 ’UD_AGR_REPO’ project as a part of the cooperation with the University of Lincoln. The University of Lincoln is an important partner of the project, the knowledge transfer activities that have been carried jointly with them are multilateral. One of the most important cooperation areas is the analysis of rural areas, rurality itself, determination of breakout points, exploration of alternative income sources, diversification possibilities. Some part of the work of the University of Lincoln on the field of rural development is based on the assessment and documentation global similarities and differences of rural areas. Present study also contributes to that work, it has been prepared on the request of the University of Lincoln with the aim of providing insight into the special political and economic changes/processes that took place in Hungary, and through them into the structure and operation of the unique Hungarian rural areas. The study first positions the definition of rurality and rural areas into context on the basis of official EU and Hungarian legal classification. Then it covers the important agricultural nature of Hungary, which significantly determines the possibilities and properties of Hungarian rural areas. The further description of rural areas is completed by some historical summary, the introduction of ownership changes, detailed description of employment and income conditions and finally by the listing of breakout points of rural areas as a conclusion

The Effect of Conventional and Conservation Tillage Systems on Maize Yield

Increasing the agricultural production is indispensable from the aspect of feeding the world’s population which can be provided with increasing amounts of irrigation water and mineral fertilisation. Increasing yields can be achieved with proper nutrient management, but yield safety can only be provided with proper water management. Today, producers can choose from various different maize hybrids. However, it is important to consider the nutrient response of the given hybrid and there is an increasing need for irrigation as a result of climate change. In Hungary, in addition to the conventional (ploughing-based) tillage technology of maize, moisture-saving and conservation (precision, strip-tillage) tillage methods also appeared. The principle of conservation tillage involves maintenance of surface soil cover through retention of crop residues achievable by practicing minimal mechanical soil disturbance. Strip-tillage is a form of conservation tillage systems. It combines the benefits of conventional clean tillage with the soil-protecting advantages of no-tillage systems. Strip-tillage has the potential advantages of providing a suitable seedbed for maize production and maintained yield level with minimum energy expenditures, while leaving surface residues in the inter-row area to reduce soil erosion, water loss from the soil and improved soil structure