Application of yttrium coatings on chromium- base alloys by metalliding Final report

Electroplating and vacuum evaporation of yttrium oxide-chromium oxide coating of chromium alloys for nitrogen embrittlement protectio

International vergleichende Policyforschung: Eine Bibliographie

Die folgende Bibliographie umfaßt Literatur zur international vergleichenden Policy-Forschung bis zum Jahr 1989, in Einzelfällen auch darüber hinaus. Neben Arbeiten zu konzeptionellen und methodischen Fragen des Policy-Vergleichs werden ausgewählte Politiksektoren herausgegriffen. Die Informationen zu den einzelnen Aufsätzen und Büchern umfassen nicht nur normale bibliographische Angaben sondern auch Hinweise zu den jeweils verglichenen Ländern und zu den analysierten Phasen des Policy-Prozesses. Die Datei ist auch als AsksamDatei auf 3,5"-Diskette zum Preis von DM 10,- zu erhalten. Bitte das Bestellformular am Ende der Bibliographie beachten.The bibliography contains literature in the field of internationally comparative policy research up to 1989, with some exceptions going beyond this publication year. Beside research on conceptual and methodological questions of comparative policy research, specific policy sectors have been selected. In addition to the usual bibliographical data, the entries include the countries compared and the policy phases analyzed. Tue bibliography is also obtainable as an Asksam-file on 3.5" diskettes for DM 10,-. Please see the order form at the end of this bibliography.Abstract Vorwort 1. Einführung / Introduction 1.1 Einführender Überblick 1.2 Zur Benutzung der Bibliographie 1.3 Utilization of the bibliography 1.4 Länderabkürzungen/ Abbreviations of countries 2. Konzept und Methode/ concept and method 3. Wirtschafts-, Finanz- und Wirtschaftsstrukturpolitik 3.1 Wirtschafts- und Finanzpolitik/ economic and financial policy 3.2 Arbeitsmarktpolitik/ labor market policy 3.3 Steuerpolitik/ tax policy 3.4 Einkommenspolitik/ incomes policy 3.5 Geldpolitik/ monetary policy 3.6 Außenwirtschaftspolitik/ foreign economic policy 3.7 Industriepolitik/ industrial policy 3.8 Agrarpolitik/ agricultural policy 4. Wirtschaftsordnungs-, Wettbewerbs- und Verbraucherschutzpolitik/ antitrust policy, consumer protection 5. Bildungs- und Ausbildungspolitik/ educational policy 6. Wissenschafts-, Forschungs- und Technologiepolitik 6.1 Wissenschafts- und Forschungspolitik/ science and research policy 6.2 Technologiepolitik allgemein/ technology policy 6.3 Telekommunikations- und Informationstechnologiepolitik/ telecommunications and information technology policy 6.4 Energiepolitik/ energy policy 7. Sozialpolitik 7.1 Sozialpolitik allgemein/ social policy 7.2 Familienpolitik/ family policy 7.3 Rentenpolitik/ pension policy 8. Gesundheitspolitik/ health policy 9. Umweltschutzpolitik/ environmental policy 10. Verkehrs- und Transportpolitik/ transport policy 11. Stadt- und Regionalpolitik 11.1 Stadtentwicklungspolitik/ urban and regional planning 11.2 Wohnungs- und Wohnungsbaupolitik/ housing policy 12. Arbeits- und Mitbestimmungspolitik und Industrielle Beziehungen 12.1 Mitbestimmungspolitik/ industrial democracy 12.2 Arbeitspolitik/ labour policy - workplace regulation 12.3 Industrielle Beziehungen/ industrial relations 13. Rechts-, Minderheiten-, Bevölkerungs- und Datenschutzpolitik/ civil rights policy 14. Institutions- und Verwaltungspolitik/ institutional policy - administrative reform 15. Kultur- und Medienpolitik/ cultural and media polic

CIRCULAR DICHROISM OF LIGHT-HARVESTING COMPLEXES FROM PURPLE PHOTOSYNTHETIC BACTERIA

The CD spectra of a range of antenna complexes from several different species of purple photosynthetic bacteria were recorded in the wavelength range of 190 to 930 nm. Analysis of the far UV CD (190 to 250 nm) showed that in each case except for the B800-850 from Chr. vinosum the secondary structure of the light-harvesting complexes contains a large amount of α-helix (50%) and very little 0-pleated sheet. This confirms the predictions of the group of Zuber of a high a-helical content based upon consideration of the primary structures of several antenna apoproteins. The CD spectra from the carotenoids and the bacteriochlorophylls show considerable variations depending upon the type of antenna complex. The different amplitude ratios in the CD spectrum for the bacteriochlorophyll Qy, Qx and Soret bands indicate not only different degrees of exciton coupling, but also a strong and variable hyperchromism (Scherz and Parson, 1984a, b)

Rise and shine: The use of polychromatic short-wavelength-enriched light to mitigate sleep inertia at night following awakening from slow-wave sleep

Sleep inertia is the brief period of performance impairment and reduced alertness experienced after waking, especially from slow-wave sleep. We assessed the efficacy of polychromatic short-wavelength-enriched light to improve vigilant attention, alertness and mood immediately after waking from slow-wave sleep at night. Twelve participants (six female, 23.3 ± 4.2 years) maintained an actigraphy-confirmed sleep schedule of 8.5 hr for 5 nights, and 5 hr for 1 night prior to an overnight laboratory visit. In the laboratory, participants were awakened from slow-wave sleep, and immediately exposed to either dim, red ambient light (control) or polychromatic short-wavelength-enriched light (light) for 1 hr in a randomized crossover design. They completed a 5-min Psychomotor Vigilance Task, the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale, and Visual Analogue Scales of mood at 2, 17, 32 and 47 min after waking. Following this testing period, lights were turned off and participants returned to sleep. They were awakened from their subsequent slow-wave sleep period and received the opposite condition. Compared with the control condition, participants exposed to light had fewer Psychomotor Vigilance Task lapses (χ2[1] = 5.285, p = 0.022), reported feeling more alert (Karolinska Sleepiness Scale: F1,77 = 4.955, p = 0.029; Visual Analogue Scalealert: F1,77 = 8.226, p = 0.005), and reported improved mood (Visual Analogue Scalecheerful: F1,77 = 8.615, p = 0.004). There was no significant difference in sleep-onset latency between conditions following the testing period (t10 = 1.024, p = 0.330). Our results suggest that exposure to polychromatic short-wavelength-enriched light immediately after waking from slow-wave sleep at night may help improve vigilant attention, subjective alertness, and mood. Future studies should explore the potential mechanisms of this countermeasure and its efficacy in real-world environments

Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling of tacrolimus for food-drug and CYP3A drug-drug-gene interaction predictions

The immunosuppressant and narrow therapeutic index drug tacrolimus is metabolized mainly via cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 and CYP3A5. For its pharmacokinetics (PK), high inter- and intra-individual variability can be observed. Underlying causes include the effect of food intake on tacrolimus absorption as well as genetic polymorphism in the CYP3A5 gene. Furthermore, tacrolimus is highly susceptible to drug–drug interactions, acting as a victim drug when coadministered with CYP3A perpetrators. This work describes the development of a whole-body physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for tacrolimus as well as its application for investigation and prediction of (i) the impact of food intake on tacrolimus PK (food–drug interactions [FDIs]) and (ii) drug–drug(−gene) interactions (DD[G]Is) involving the CYP3A perpetrator drugs voriconazole, itraconazole, and rifampicin. The model was built in PK-Sim® Version 10 using a total of 37 whole blood concentration–time profiles of tacrolimus (training and test) compiled from 911 healthy individuals covering the administration of tacrolimus as intravenous infusions as well as immediate-release and extended-release capsules. Metabolism was incorporated via CYP3A4 and CYP3A5, with varying activities implemented for different CYP3A5 genotypes and study populations. The good predictive model performance is demonstrated for the examined food effect studies with 6/6 predicted FDI area under the curve determined between first and last concentration measurements (AUClast) and 6/6 predicted FDI maximum whole blood concentration (Cmax) ratios within twofold of the respective observed ratios. In addition, 7/7 predicted DD(G)I AUClast and 6/7 predicted DD(G)I Cmax ratios were within twofold of their observed values. Potential applications of the final model include model-informed drug discovery and development or the support of model-informed precision dosing

Lattice-matched HfN buffer layers for epitaxy of GaN on Si

Gallium nitride is grown by plasma-assisted molecular-beam epitaxy on (111) and (001) silicon substrates using sputter-deposited hafnium nitride buffer layers. Wurtzite GaN epitaxial layers are obtained on both the (111) and (001) HfN/Si surfaces, with crack-free thickness up to 1.2 (mu)m. Initial results for GaN grown on the (111) surface show a photoluminescence peak width of 17 meV at 11 K, and an asymmetric x-ray rocking curve width of 20 arcmin. Wurtzite GaN on HfN/Si(001) shows reduced structural quality and peculiar low-temperature luminescence features. However, growth on the (001) surface results in nearly stress-free films, suggesting that much thicker crack-free layers could be obtained

Supervision of a self-driving vehicle unmasks latent sleepiness relative to manually controlled driving

Human error has been implicated as a causal factor in a large proportion of road accidents. Automated driving systems purport to mitigate this risk, but self-driving systems that allow a driver to entirely disengage from the driving task also require the driver to monitor the environment and take control when necessary. Given that sleep loss impairs monitoring performance and there is a high prevalence of sleep deficiency in modern society, we hypothesized that supervising a self-driving vehicle would unmask latent sleepiness compared to manually controlled driving among individuals following their typical sleep schedules. We found that participants felt sleepier, had more involuntary transitions to sleep, had slower reaction times and more attentional failures, and showed substantial modifications in brain synchronization during and following an autonomous drive compared to a manually controlled drive. Our findings suggest that the introduction of partial self-driving capabilities in vehicles has the potential to paradoxically increase accident risk

0078 Influence of Light on Brain Activity Upon Waking From Slow Wave Sleep

Funded by Naval Postgraduate School17 USC 105 interim-entered record; under review.The article of record as published may be found at https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsaa056.076Introduction: Waking from sleep is associated with reduced alertness due to sleep inertia. Light acutely improves alertness during sleep deprivation. In this study we assessed the influence of light on brain activity and connectivity after waking from slow wave sleep (SWS). Methods: Twelve participants kept an actigraphy-confirmed stable sleep schedule with 8.5 hours for five nights and five hours for one night prior to an overnight laboratory visit. Participants completed two three-minute Karolinska Drowsiness Tests (KDT) before going to bed at their habitual bedtime. They were monitored continuously using high-density EEG (32-channel; Brain Products GmbH). Participants were woken twice and exposed to red light (0.01 melanopic-lux; control) or blue-enriched light (63.62 melanopic-lux) for one hour, in a randomized order, following at least five minutes of SWS. EEG artifact were removed algorithmically and the spectral composition of each electrode (i.e., fast fourier transform, FFT) and effective connectivity (i.e., partial directed coherence, PDC) between each electrode were estimated. A graphical analysis was conducted to extract features relevant to the facilitation of efficient communication between electrodes. All data were averaged within frequency bins of interest that correspond to delta (1-3Hz), theta (4-7Hz), alpha (8-12Hz), and beta (13-25Hz) bands and expressed relative to the pre-sleep baseline. Results: Compared to the pre-sleep baseline, participants exposed to blue-enriched light experienced reduced theta and alpha activity; however, these results were not significantly different from the control. In contrast, the communication of frontal electrodes significantly increased across all frequency bands compared to the control, and this effect was most prominent in the alpha (t(11)=3.80, p=.005) and beta bands (t(11)=3.92, p=.004). Conclusion: Exposure to blue-enriched light immediately after waking from SWS may accelerate the process of waking and help to improve alertness by facilitating communication between brain regions. Future analyses will explore the temporal persistence and granularity of the communicative properties associated with this response.Naval Postgraduate School Grant. NASA Airspace Operations and Safety Program, System-Wide Safety Project