Southern blot analyses using the TcIII (LL051-P24) probe.

<p>Each panel shows the electrophoretic pattern of minicircle regions and kDNA transferred to a nylon membrane. Panel A: lane TcIII, TcV, TcVI, TcV* and TcVI* correspond to DNA of parasite culture from LL051-P24 (DTU TcIII), LL055R3cl2 (DTU TcV), CL-Brener (DTU TcVI), LL014–1 (DTU TcV*) and LL040–1 (DTU TcVI*) respectively; and lane 1–4: blood (B) and skeletal muscle (SM) samples of mouse infected with TcIII isolate. The asterisk as superscript of the DTU indicates DNA sample from culture of the same inoculated isolate. Panel B, C and D: blood, skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle, respectively, of animals infected with TcIII + TcV (Lane 5–8) and TcIII + TcVI (Lane 9–11).</p

Southern blot analyses using the TcV (LL055R3cl2) probe.

<p>Electrophoretic pattern of minicircle regions and kDNA transferred to a nylon membrane. Lane TcIII, TcV, TcVI, TcV* and TcVI* correspond to DNA of parasite culture from LL051-P24 (DTU TcIII), LL055R3cl2 (DTU TcV), CL-Brener (DTU TcVI), LL014–1 (DTU TcV) and LL040–1 (DTU TcVI), respectively; and lane: 1–6 blood (B) skeletal muscle (SM) and cardiac muscle (H) of mouse infected with TcV isolate.</p

Histological damage in mice infected with single and mixed infections.

<p>Inflammatory response observed in skeletal muscle and heart samples of experimental groups inoculated with: (A) TcIII, TcVI or TcIII + TcVI, (B) TcV, TcVI or TcV + TcVI and (C) TcIII, TcV or TcIII + TcV. Different letters above error bars indicate statistical difference (p<0.05).</p

Parasitemia in peripheral blood of singles and mixed infections.

<p>This variable was measured by microscopic observation, of animals inoculated with single and mixed isolates. (A) Shows difference between TcIII vs TcVI vs TcIII + TcVI, (B) TcVI vs TcV + TcVI and (C) TcIII vs TcIII + TcV. The parasitemia of TcV isolate was sub-patent.</p

Southern blot analyses using the TcVI (CL-Brener) probe.

<p>Each panel shows the electrophoretic pattern of minicircle regions and kDNA transferred to a nylon membrane. Panel A, lanes TcIII, TcV, TcVI, TcV* and TcVI* correspond to DNA of parasite culture from LL051-P24 (DTU TcIII), LL055R3cl2 (DTU TcV), CL-Brener (DTU TcVI), LL014–1 (DTU TcV*) and LL040–1 (DTU TcVI*) respectively; lane 1–4: blood (B), skeletal muscle (SM) and heart (H) samples of mouse infected with TcVI isolate. The asterisk as superscript of the DTU indicates DNA sample from culture of the same inoculated isolate. Panel B, C and D: blood, skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle, respectively, of animals infected with TcV + TcVI (Lane 5–8) and TcIII + TcVI (Lane 9–11).</p

Correlation analysis between GDF-15 and FGF-21.

<p>serum levels in samples from all patient groups taken as a whole (A), group 1(B), group 2 (C) and group 3(D).</p

Correlation analysis between GDF-15 and FGF-21 protein levels.

<p>in the conditioned medium of C2C12 cells treated with respiratory chain inhibitors.</p

Effects of experimentally induced mitochondrial dysfunction on GDF-15 mRNA expression and GDF15 protein release in muscle cells.

<p>GDF15 mRNA and FGF21 mRNA levels in C2C12 myotubes (A) or LHCN myotubes (B), and correlation between GDF-15 mRNA levels and FGF21 mRNA levels (C) in the experimental settings in C2C12 cells (up) and LHCN cells (down). GDF-15 protein concentrations in C2C12 cell culture medium (D). Bars are means ±S.E.M. from 4–6 independent experiments. *p <0.05, **p <0.01, ***p <0.001, relative to untreated controls. ^# p <0.05, relative to corresponding condition non-treated with Trolox. R and P values are shown in the correlation panel C.</p

Serum concentration of GDF-15 and FGF-21 in patients and controls.

<p>Serum concentration of GDF-15 and FGF-21 in patients and controls.</p

Receiving Operating Curve.

<p>analysis for GDF-15 and FGF-21 considering patients in groups 1, 2 and 3 together (A) or patients group 1(B), group 2 (C) and group 3(D) separately.</p