Physical activity, smoking, and genetic predisposition to obesity in people from Pakistan: the PROMIS study

Background: Multiple genetic variants have been reliably associated with obesity-related traits in Europeans, but little is known about their associations and interactions with lifestyle factors in South Asians. Methods: In 16,157 Pakistani adults (8232 controls; 7925 diagnosed with myocardial infarction [MI]) enrolled in the PROMIS Study, we tested whether: a) BMI-associated loci, individually or in aggregate (as a genetic risk score - GRS), are associated with BMI; b) physical activity and smoking modify the association of these loci with BMI. Analyses were adjusted for age, age2, sex, MI (yes/no), and population substructure. Results: Of 95 SNPs studied here, 73 showed directionally consistent effects on BMI as reported in Europeans. Each additional BMI-raising allele of the GRS was associated with 0.04 (SE = 0.01) kg/m2 higher BMI (P = 4.5 × 10−14). We observed nominal evidence of interactions of CLIP1 rs11583200 (Pinteraction = 0.014), CADM2 rs13078960 (Pinteraction = 0.037) and GALNT10 rs7715256 (Pinteraction = 0.048) with physical activity, and PTBP2 rs11165643 (Pinteraction = 0.045), HIP1 rs1167827 (Pinteraction = 0.015), C6orf106 rs205262 (Pinteraction = 0.032) and GRID1 rs7899106 (Pinteraction = 0.043) with smoking on BMI. Conclusions: Most BMI-associated loci have directionally consistent effects on BMI in Pakistanis and Europeans. There were suggestive interactions of established BMI-related SNPs with smoking or physical activity. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12881-015-0259-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users

Il futuro del personalismo fra etica e politica

Il personalismo rappresenta nella storia del pensiero politico una posizione che intende superare sia l'individualismo sia il collettivismo. Caratteristica fondamentale delle diverse concezioni del personalismo è la sua disposizione a difendere la sfera dell'uomo dalle invadenze di poteri assoluti e dispotici, che nel mondo contemporaneo assumono il volto del totalitarismo .Con la fine delle ideologie e la caduta delle utopie, il personalismo ha anche la funzione di criticare la tendenza delle società liberaldemocratiche e consumiste verso nuove forme di anomie e di controllo sociale della persona con la potenza dei nuovi media.Personality represents in the history of political thought a position that goes beyond both individualism and collectivism. The fundamental feature of the different conceptions of personalism is its disposition to defend the sphere of man from the invasions of absolute and despotic powers that in the contemporary world assume the face of totalitarianism. With the end of ideologies and the fall of utopias, personalism has It is also the function of criticizing the tendency of liberaldemocratic and consumer societies towards new forms of anomie and social control of the person with the power of the new media