Perspective Chapter: Genomics, Proteomics, and System Biology of Insecticides Resistance in Insects

Insecticide resistance is an inherited change in pest population exposure to a specific insecticide or group of insecticides. Overuse, misuse, and high interbreeding rates have led to insecticide resistance. Genomic technologies reveal mechanisms of resistance, including decreased target-site sensitivity and increased detoxification. Genomic projects have cloned and identified targeted genes in Drosophila melanogaster and studied resistance-associated mutations in various pest insects. Advancements in genome sequencing and annotation techniques have explored complex multigene enzyme systems, such as glutathione-S-transferases, esterases, and cytochrome P450, which facilitate insecticide resistance. Identifying specific genes involved in resistance and targeted genes is essential for developing new insecticides and strategies to control pests. Insects with resistance metabolize insecticidal compounds faster due to increased catalytic rate and gene amplification. So, system biology plays a very important role in the insect resistance against insecticides and different chemicals such as DDT and permethrin. From system biology, not only the identification of genes was done, but also the protein-protein interactions were found out, which were responsible in the insect resistance

Advanced Modelling and Functional Characterization of B2 Bradykinin Receptor

Hereditary angioedema (giant hives) is an autosomal dominant malady characterized by repetitive episodes of probably life-threatening angioedema due to a partial deficiency of C1 inhibitor. B2 Bradykinin Receptor's (BKRB2) amino acid sequence is deposited within UniProt under accession number P30411. The Physicochemical properties of BKRB2 sequence are determined by using ProtParam. BKRB2's secondary structure was predicted through PROTEUS. Pfam domain was used for functional characterization of BKRB2. PSI-BLAST was used to find homologs of known structure. Modelling by satisfaction of spatial restraints, either uses distance geometry or optimization techniques to satisfy spatial restraints performed by MODELLER. The quality of the generated model was evaluated with PROCHECK by Ramachandran plot analysis. Validation of the generated models was further performed by WHAT IF. ProSA was used for the analysis of Z-scores and energy plots. The 3D structures of the modeled proteins were analyzed using UCSF Chimera. Clustal Omega is used for multiple sequence alignment that uses seeded guide trees and HMM profile-profile techniques to generate alignments

Structure Prediction of Outer Membrane Protease Protein of Salmonella typhimurium Using Computational Techniques

Salmonella typhimurium, a facultative gram-negative intracellular pathogen belonging to family Enterobacteriaceae, is the most frequent cause of human gastroenteritis worldwide. PgtE gene product, outer membrane protease emerges important in the intracellular phases of salmonellosis. The pgtE gene product of S. typhimurium was predicted to be capable of proteolyzing T7 RNA polymerase and localize in the outer membrane of these gram negative bacteria. PgtE product of S. enterica and OmpT of E. coli, having high sequence similarity have been revealed to degrade macrophages, causing salmonellosis and other diseases. The three-dimensional structure of the protein was not available through Protein Data Bank (PDB) creating lack of structural information about E protein. In our study, by performing Comparative model building, the three dimensional structure of outer membrane protease protein was generated using the backbone of the crystal structure of Pla of Yersinia pestis, retrieved from PDB, with MODELLER (9v8). Quality of the model was assessed by validation tool PROCHECK, web servers like ERRAT and ProSA are used to certify the reliability of the predicted model. This information might offer clues for better understanding of E protein and consequently for developmet of better therapeutic treatment against pathogenic role of this protein in salmonellosis and other diseases

A narrative insight to maturity-onset diabetes of the young

The pandemic of metabolic disorders is accelerating in the urbanized world posing huge burden to health and economy. The key pioneer to most of the metabolic disorders is insulin dependent diabetes mellitus or Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus commonly known as Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Both of these forms of diabetes are polygenic and multifactorial. A newly discovered form of diabetes is Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY). MODY is monogenic form of diabetes inherited as autosomal dominant anarchy. This piece of writing presents a concise portrayal to MODY. In this article this new form of diabetes is introduced, its different subtypes and clinical characteristics are discussed

Role of Mosquito Microbiome in Insecticide Resistance

The gut microbiota of insects is one of the unexplored areas. The association with these microbiomes plays a vital role in supporting their survival and combat with ecological challenges. Mosquito is one of the focal attention insects among the Arthopods, being the vector of many pathogenic diseases including dengue and malaria. A variety of strategies have been designed and implemented to fight against these vectors including obnoxious use of insecticides. Indiscriminate use of insecticides has led to development of resistance against broad range of insecticides. Crucial role of bacteria in insecticide resistance has been under discussion. Many studies focus on the insecticide resistance due to gut microbiome. Thus, the role of gut microbiome is an important area for designing new vector control strategies and their role in improvement of a healthy environment

Prevalence of rotavirus, adenovirus, hepatitis A virus and enterovirus in water samples collected from different region of Peshawar, Pakistan

Viral gastroenteritis and other water-borne diseases are the most neglected areas of research in Pakistan. To determine the quality of water, 4 enteric viruses were studied from different localities of Peshawar, Pakistan. The study validates the viral detection method for Rotavirus (RV), Human adenovirus (HAdV), Enterovirus (EV) and Hepatitis A virus (HAV), directly from water sources of rural areas of Peshawar, KPK, Pakistan. Overall, 95 five water samples were tested; among them, 9.47% were positive for RV, 38.94% for HAdV, 48.42% for EV and 12.63% for HAV. The presence of these viruses in water was directly correlated with meteorological data. High prevalence of EV and HAdV was detected frequently in the wet season from May – September, which can be the potential cause of spreading of gastroenteritis in the population. Environmental surveillance is an additional tool to evaluate the epidemiology of enteric viruses circulating in a given community

Prevalence of rotavirus, adenovirus, hepatitis A virus and enterovirus in water samples collected from different region of Peshawar, Pakistan

Viral gastroenteritis and other water-borne diseases are the most neglected areas of research in Pakistan. To determine the quality of water, 4 enteric viruses were studied from different localities of Peshawar, Pakistan. The study validates the viral detection method for Rotavirus (RV), Human adenovirus (HAdV), Enterovirus (EV) and Hepatitis A virus (HAV), directly from water sources of rural areas of Peshawar, KPK, Pakistan. Overall, 95 five water samples were tested; among them, 9.47% were positive for RV, 38.94% for HAdV, 48.42% for EV and 12.63% for HAV. The presence of these viruses in water was directly correlated with meteorological data. High prevalence of EV and HAdV was detected frequently in the wet season from May – September, which can be the potential cause of spreading of gastroenteritis in the population. Environmental surveillance is an additional tool to evaluate the epidemiology of enteric viruses circulating in a given community